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Critical incidents contributing to the initiation of substance use and abuse among women attending drug rehabilitation centres in Trinidad and Tobago anxiety symptoms mayo clinic generic desyrel 100 mg on line. Multiple substance dependence and course of alcoholism among Alaska native men and women anxiety symptoms everyday desyrel 100mg with mastercard. Gender differences in substance-abuse treatment clients with co-occurring psychiatric and substance-use disorders anxiety symptoms muscle tension discount 100mg desyrel overnight delivery. Neuroimaging of gender differences in alco hol dependence: Are women more vulner able Inpatient care of the substance-abusing patient with a concom itant eating disorder anxiety symptoms eye pain purchase desyrel 100 mg without a prescription. Acculturation and alcohol con sumption among Mexican Americans: A three-generation study. Relational systems change: Implementaing a model of change in integrating services for women with substance abuse and mental health disorders and histories of trauma. Implementing trauma-informed alcohol and other drug and mental health services for women: lessons learned in a multisite demonstration proj ect. Gender specific treatment for chemically dependent women: A rationale for inclusion of vocational services. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in intra venous drug users on admission to prison. Mental health service use by African American women: Exploration of subpopulation differ ences. Religious Commitment and Health Status: A Review of the Research and Implications for Family Medicine. Regulation of arousal and attention in preschool children exposed to cocaine prenatally. Perceived social support for helpseeking behaviors of Black heterosexual and homosexually active women alcoholics. Gender effects following repeated administration of cocaine and alcohol in humans. Drugs Dur ing Pregnancy and Lactation: Handbook of Prescription Drugs and Comparative Risk Assessment: With Updated Information on Recreational Drugs. Psychoso cial and cultural factors in alcohol and drug abuse: An analysis of a homosexual com munity. The Research Symposium on Alcohol and Other Drug Problem Prevention Among Les bians and Gay Men. New data from the Addiction Severity Index: Reliability and validity in three centers. An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients: the Addiction Severity Index. Facilitating healthy parenting among mothers with substance abuse or dependence problems: Some con siderations. Evaluation of the effects of outreach to women with multiple vulnerabili ties on entry into substance abuse treatment. Assessment and treatment of alcoholism and substance-related disorders in the elderly. The maternal lifestyle study: Cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes of cocaineexposed and opiate-exposed infants through three years of age. Implemen tation of a family-centered treatment pro gram for substance-abusing women and their children: Barriers and resolutions. Treating substance-using women and their children in public housing: Preliminary evaluation findings. The Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC): An Instrument For Assessing Adverse Consequences of Alcohol Abuse. Responding to Pacific Islanders: Culturally Competent Per spectives For Substance Abuse Prevention. Reality and vision: A cultural perspective in addressing alcohol and drug abuse among Pacific Islanders.
These data are encouraging anxiety symptoms related to menopause buy 100mg desyrel fast delivery, indicating that women tend to reduce their substance use during pregnancy anxiety and chest pain cheap desyrel 100mg with amex. Continued substance abuse during pregnancy is a major risk factor for fetal distress anxiety natural treatment cheap desyrel 100 mg with mastercard, developmental abnormalities anxiety pictures buy desyrel 100 mg cheap, and negative birth effects. It is also associated with delayed prenatal care, and it is quite likely that this delay is exacerbated as a result of fears pertaining to potential legal consequences (Jessup et al. Timely prenatal care for pregnant women who continue to use illicit drugs provides a significant buffer against adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature births, small for gestational age status, and low birth weight (El-Mohandes et al. In comparing epidemiologic surveys from 1992 to 2002, an analysis found a significant increase in risk for alcohol abuse and dependence among women born after 1944, except for African-American women (Grucza et al. Across the Life Span As women become older, the prevalence of substance abuse and dependence becomes lower (Grant et al. However, it is important to remember that women remain vulnerable to substance use, abuse, and dependence and its consequences across their life spans. As women encounter major life transitions, they are at a heightened risk for substance use and abuse (Poole and Dell 2005). Yet caution needs to be taken when generalizing this information across the entire population of women who have substance use disorders, since most women who have substance use disorders never receive treatment. Although alcohol is still the primary substance of abuse, women are more likely than men to be in treatment for drug use. For women, 37 percent report that opiates (20 percent) or cocaine (17 percent) are their primary substances of abuse. While women often receive other healthcare services prior to identification of substance use disorders, referrals from healthcare providers (other than alcohol and drug use treatment providers) are one of the lowest referral routes to treatment for women. In comparison to men, women are more likely to be identified with a substance use disorder through child protective services (Fiorentine et al. Women who enter treatment are more likely to identify stress factors as their primary problem rather than substance use (Green et al. They also exhibit more severity and problems related to substance use upon entering substance abuse treatment, including medical and psychological problems (Arfken et al. For more detailed information on ethnicity and substance abuse, refer to chapter 6. Figure 2-6 shows the percentage of treatment admissions by substance for each ethnic or racial group of women. African-American women were more likely to name crack/cocaine as the primary substance of abuse, whereas some subgroups of Hispanic/Latina women were more likely to enter treatment for heroin use. For most ethnic or racial groups, alcohol and a secondary drug were abused by the next largest percentage of women. Depending on treatment level, admission rates varied from 29 percent in hospital inpatient facilities to 39 percent in outpatient methadone programs. Compared with the women in treatment who were not pregnant at admission, the pregnant women in treatment were more likely to report cocaine/crack (22 versus 17 percent), amphetamine/methamphetamine (21 versus 13 percent), or marijuana (17 versus 13 percent) as their primary substance of abuse. Alcohol was the primary substance of abuse among almost one-third of women aged 15 to 44 (31 percent) who were not pregnant at the time of admission. In contrast, only 18 percent of women who were pregnant at admission reported alcohol as their primary substance of abuse. Figure 2-5 Percentage of Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Programs by Racial/Ethnic Group in 2006 Group Female Admissions Caucasian Percentage of Total Admissions 31. Women are socialized to assume more caregiver roles and to focus attention on others. Even if she has not appropriately cared for others (such as her children) during her addiction, it does not mean that she will not see this as an important issue immediately upon entering a detoxification or treatment program. Figure 2-6 Primary Substance of Abuse Among Women Admitted for Substance Abuse Treatment by Racial/Ethnic Group by Percentage Substance of Abuse Alcohol Cauca sian 35. From absorption to metabolic processes, women display more difficulty in physically managing the consequences of use. In general, with higher levels of alcohol and drugs in the system for longer periods of time, women are also more susceptible to alcohol- and drug-related diseases and organ damage. This chapter provides an overview of the physiological impact of alcohol and drugs on women, with particular emphasis on the significant physiological differences and consequences of substance use in women. It begins with a general exploration of how gender differences affect the way alcohol and drugs are metabolized in the body and then highlights several biopsychosocial and cultural factors that can influence health issues associated with drugs and alcohol.
Burning or stinging sensations in the eyes occurred after exposure to 600 or 280 ppm; very mild irritation was reported by four subjects at exposures of 216 or 106 ppm (Rowe et al anxiety symptoms sweating cheap desyrel 100 mg with amex. Histological changes were not observed in the eyes of rats exposed to tetrachloroethylene at 50 anxiety symptoms wikipedia discount desyrel 100mg on-line, 200 anxiety symptoms medications purchase 100 mg desyrel overnight delivery, or 800 ppm 6 hours/day anxiety meds order desyrel 100mg on line, 5 days/week for 13 weeks (Mattsson et al. No studies of body weight effects in humans exposed to tetrachloroethylene were identified in the available literature. No effects on body weight were noted in mice intermittently exposed to tetrachloroethylene for intermediate durations at concentrations as high as 1,600 ppm (Kjellstrand et al. Guinea pigs exposed to tetrachloroethylene at 2,500 ppm for 24 days lost weight, and female guinea pigs exposed to 200 ppm 7 hours/day for 158 exposures in 220 days showed a significantly lower (18% lower than air-exposed controls, p=0. Limitations of this study include the use of small numbers of animals and intercurrent infection. The only study explicitly examining immune system effects in animals exposed to tetrachloroethylene via inhalation was a 4-week study that observed no immune system effects in rats at concentrations up to 1,000 ppm (Boverhof et al. Average tetrachloroethylene exposure levels of <140 ppm were estimated from five vapor concentration measurements obtained by sampling various sites in each shop; details of the sampling and analysis methods were not provided. Blood tetrachloroethylene levels in nonsmoking unexposed subjects, smoking unexposed subjects, nonsmoking workers, and smoking workers were measured to be 0. This study is limited by the fact that exposure measurements occurred after the measurement of outcome (cord blood cytokine-producing T-cells), and indoor levels of tetrachloroethylene likely vary over time based on the presence or absence of recently dry-cleaned materials in the home. Thus, the association between indoor tetrachloroethylene and cytokine-producing T-cells in neonates is uncertain. A case report of hypersensitivity pneumonitis attributed the condition to tetrachloroethylene exposure; the woman worked at a dry cleaner (Tanios et al. However, the small number of highly exposed subjects limits the interpretation of these findings. The significance of the study is unclear because of variability in control group mortality and lack of evaluation of specific immunological end points. The nervous system is a major target organ in humans exposed to tetrachloroethylene by inhalation. Acute exposure, depending on concentration, can result in electrophysiological changes, reversible mood and behavioral changes, impairment of coordination, or anesthetic effects. Studies in humans exposed for years in occupational or residential settings have suggested effects on color vision and visual contrast sensitivity, as well as additional neurobehavioral effects. There are no studies of humans exposed to tetrachloroethylene for intermediate durations of time. Volunteers exposed to tetrachloroethylene for short periods of time have reported symptoms of lightheadedness, dizziness, and loss of coordination at concentrations between 100 and 300 ppm for <2 hours or 600 ppm for 10 minutes (Carpenter 1937; Rowe et al. Symptoms of neurological impairment were not reported after exposure to 106 ppm for 1 hour (Rowe et al. Dizziness has also been reported after a brief accidental exposure to high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene fumes (Saland 1967), while longer exposures resulted in collapse, coma, and seizures (Hake and Stewart 1977; Morgan 1969; Patel et al. In contrast to the lack of symptoms reported in humans exposed to 106 ppm for 1 hour (Rowe et al. Of five objective tests of central nervous system performance in humans exposed to 100 ppm for 7 hours/day on 5 consecutive days, none showed any abnormality except the Romberg test of balance, which was abnormal for three of the five subjects; no control subjects were included in this study (Stewart et al. Hake and Stewart (1977) reported impaired coordination, as measured by the Flanagan coordination test, at some time points during exposure of four male volunteers to 100 or 150 ppm tetrachloroethylene for 7. Subjective evaluation of electroencephalographic scores suggested cortical depression in male volunteers exposed to 100 ppm for 7. In a later investigation, a larger group of 19 volunteers (10 males and 9 females) was exposed 5 days/week to tetrachloroethylene vapor concentrations of 0, 20, 100, or 150 ppm for 1, 3, or 7. No effects on flash visual-evoked responses were noted in male volunteers exposed for 5 days, 7.
A person is not obliged under this section to answer any question or produce any document which he would be entitled to refuse to answer or produce in proceedings in a court in Scotland anxiety symptoms signs generic 100 mg desyrel. A procurator fiscal is not obliged under this section to answer any question or produce any document concerning the operation of the system of criminal prosecution in any particular case if the Lord Advocate- a anxiety symptoms vs heart attack symptoms buy desyrel 100 mg line. A requirement under section 23 shall be imposed by the Clerk giving the person in question notice in writing specifying- a anxiety quizzes discount desyrel 100 mg with amex. It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under subsection (1)(a) 8 tracks anxiety order desyrel 100mg with visa, (b) or (d) to prove that he had a reasonable excuse for the refusal or failure. Where an offence under this section which has been committed by a body corporate is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to any neglect on the part of- a. The Presiding Officer or such other person as may be authorised by standing orders may- a. Any person who refuses to take an oath when required to do so under subsection (1)(b) is guilty of an offence. Subsection (4) of section 25 applies to an offence under subsection (2) as it applies to an offence under that section. Standing orders may provide for the payment of allowances and expenses to persons- a. For the purposes of sections 23 to 25 and this section, a person shall be taken to comply with a requirement to produce a document if he produces a copy of, or an extract of the relevant part of, the document. If the Lord Advocate or the Solicitor General for Scotland is not a member of the Parliament- a. The Lord Advocate or the Solicitor General for Scotland may, in any proceedings of the Parliament, decline to answer any question or produce any document relating to the operation of the system of criminal prosecution in any particular case if he considers that answering the question or producing the document- a. Subject to section 29, the Parliament may make laws, to be known as Acts of the Scottish Parliament. Proposed Acts of the Scottish Parliament shall be known as Bills; and a Bill shall become an Act of the Scottish Parliament when it has been passed by the Parliament and has received Royal Assent. The date of Royal Assent shall be written on the Act of the Scottish Parliament by the Clerk, and shall form part of the Act. The validity of an Act of the Scottish Parliament is not affected by any invalidity in the proceedings of the Parliament leading to its enactment. This section does not affect the power of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to make laws for Scotland. An Act of the Scottish Parliament is not law so far as any provision of the Act is outside the legislative competence of the Parliament. For the purposes of this section, the question whether a provision of an Act of the Scottish Parliament relates to a reserved matter is to be determined, subject to subsection (4), by reference to the purpose of the provision, having regard (among other things) to its effect in all the circumstances. Her Majesty may by Order in Council make any modifications of Schedule 4 or 5 which She considers necessary or expedient. Her Majesty may by Order in Council specify functions which are to be treated, for such purposes of this Act as may be specified, as being, or as not being, functions which are exercisable in or as regards Scotland. Where the effect of the alteration is that a provision of an Act of the Scottish Parliament ceases to be within the legislative competence of the Parliament, the provision does not for that reason cease to have effect (unless an enactment provides otherwise). A person in charge of a Bill shall, on or before introduction of the Bill in the Parliament, state that in his view the provisions of the Bill would be within the legislative competence of the Parliament. The Presiding Officer shall, on or before the introduction of a Bill in the Parliament, decide whether or not in his view the provisions of the Bill would be within the legislative competence of the Parliament and state his decision. The form of any statement, and the manner in which it is to be made, shall be determined under standing orders, and standing orders may provide for any statement to be published. The Presiding Officer shall not submit a Bill for Royal Assent at any time when- a. The Presiding Officer shall not submit a Bill in its unamended form for Royal Assent if- a. The Advocate General, the Lord Advocate or the Attorney General may refer the question of whether a Bill or any provision of a Bill would be within the legislative competence of the Parliament to the Supreme Court for decision. Subject to subsection (3), he may make a reference in relation to a Bill at any time during- a. He shall not make a reference in relation to a Bill if he has notified the Presiding Officer that he does not intend to make a reference in relation to the Bill, unless the Bill has been approved as mentioned in subsection (2)(b) since the notification. In this section "a reference for a preliminary ruling" means a reference of a question to the European Court under Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union; or Article 150 of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community.
References in this Act to an open power are to a power to which subsection (1) applies (and include a power to make subordinate legislation under section 129(1) whether or not the legislation makes provision as mentioned in subsection (2)) social anxiety symptoms yahoo desyrel 100mg visa. An Order in Council under an open power may revoke anxiety chat room buy desyrel 100mg lowest price, amend or re-enact an order anxiety symptoms concentration order desyrel 100 mg amex, as well as an Order in Council anxiety exhaustion cheap desyrel 100mg without prescription, under the power; and an order under an open power may revoke, amend or re-enact an Order in Council, as well as an order, under the power. Any power to make subordinate legislation conferred by this Act shall, in relation to its exercise by a Minister of the Crown or a member of the Scottish Executive, be exercisable by statutory instrument. Section 27 of the Interpretation and Legislative Reform (Scotland) Act 2010 (asp 10) (functions exercisable by Scottish statutory instrument) applies to the function of making an Order in Council under section 15(1) or (2). References in this section to a power are to an open power and to any other power to make subordinate legislation conferred by this Act which is exercisable by Her Majesty in Council or by a Minister of the Crown, and include a power as extended by this section. Subsections (2) to (11), except subsection (9), apply also to the power of the Scottish Ministers to make an order under section 12. A power may be exercised so as to make different provision for different purposes. A power (as well as being exercisable in relation to all cases to which it extends) may be exercised in relation to- a. But a power to modify enactments does not (unless otherwise stated) extend to making modifications of this Act or subordinate legislation under it. A power includes power to make provision for sums to be payable out of the Scottish Consolidated Fund or charged on the Fund. A power includes power to make provision for the payment of sums out of money provided by Parliament or for sums to be charged on and paid out of the Consolidated Fund. A power may not be exercised so as to create any criminal offence punishable with any of the penalties specified for the offence in subsection (9B) or (10). In relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, the specified penalties are- a. The fact that a power is conferred does not prejudice the extent of any other power. Her Majesty may by Order in Council amend subsection (9B) or (10) so as to change- a. A power to make subordinate legislation conferred by any of the following provisions of this Act may be exercised by modifying any enactment comprised in or made under this Act (except Schedules 4 and 5): sections 66(5), 89, 104, 107, 108 and 129(1). The reference in subsection (1) to a power to make subordinate legislation includes a power as extended by section 113. A power to make subordinate legislation conferred by any of the following provisions of this Act may be exercised so as to make provision having retrospective effect: sections 30, 58(4), 104 and 107. Schedule 7 (which determines the procedure which is to apply to subordinate legislation under this Act in relation to each House of Parliament and the Scottish Parliament) shall have effect. In spite of the fact that that Schedule provides for subordinate legislation under a particular provision of this Act (or the statutory instrument containing it) to be subject to any type of procedure in relation to the Parliament, the provision conferring the power to make that legislation may be brought into force at any time after the passing of this Act. Accordingly, any subordinate legislation (or the statutory instrument containing it) made in the exercise of the power in the period beginning with that time and ending immediately before the principal appointed day is to be subject to such other type of procedure (if any) as may be specified in subordinate legislation made under section 129(1). This section applies in relation to subordinate legislation under section 60, 62, 90 or 109 or paragraph 2 of Schedule 2. No order shall be made by a Minister of the Crown by virtue of subsection (2)(c), and no recommendation shall be made to Her Majesty in Council to make an Order in Council by virtue of subsection (2)(c), without the agreement of the Treasury. Subordinate legislation to which this section applies shall have effect in relation to any property or liabilities to which it applies despite any provision (of whatever nature) which would otherwise prevent, penalise or restrict the transfer of the property or liabilities. A right of pre-emption, right of irritancy, right of return or other similar right shall not operate or become exercisable as a result of any transfer of property by virtue of any subordinate legislation to which this section applies. Any such right shall have effect in the case of any such transfer as if the transferee were the same person in law as the transferor and as if no transfer of the property had taken place. Such compensation as is just shall be paid to any person in respect of any such right which would, apart from subsection (5), have operated in favour of, or become exercisable by, that person but which, in consequence of the operation of that subsection, cannot subsequently operate in his favour or (as the case may be) become exercisable by him.
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