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Similarly hiv infection impairs what order atacand 4mg online, the meaning of sexual assault among African-Americans has been shaped by the way in which sexual assault was a feature of slavery congenital hiv infection symptoms trusted atacand 16 mg. In addition hiv infection rate in botswana atacand 16 mg with visa, different groups may have different cultural practices regarding the acquisition and dissemination of information antiviral vodlocker purchase atacand 8mg on line. Thus, for a social norms intervention to be effective, one must take into account the culture of the issue, the culture of the message delivery system, and the culture of the target group, and adapt the intervention to all three. Enthusiasm about the success of the social norms approach in reducing alcohol use and its negative consequences may also result in the naпve assumption that the same approach can be applied to other issues without changes or adjustments. This would be possible if the etiology and dynamics of other problems were identical to those of substance use and abuse. However, as noted above, each problem has its own history, meaning, and associated culture, and, although the social norms approach may help address other issues, it cannot be applied indiscriminately or simplistically. The case studies that Berkowitz - Applications of Social Norms Theory -4 follow illustrate some of the complexity and limitations of the model as they apply to other issues. Sexual Assault Prevention for Men Sexual assault is an acknowledged problem on college campuses and in communities. Because men are responsible for the overwhelming majority of sexual assaults perpetrated against children, other men, and women, it is reasonable to expect that men should take responsibility for its prevention (Berkowitz, 1992, 2002). In the past decade, a variety of strategies for working with men have been developed based on this assumption. I have previously recommended a social norms approach to sexual assault prevention for men, suggesting that it would complement these other approaches while addressing many of the dynamics of male socialization and peer influence that cause sexual assault to occur (Berkowitz, 1998A, 1998B, 1999B, 2002). Often in all male groups someone would use language that objectified or put down women, or describe alleged sexual exploits in graphic detail. In some cases, I knew from private conversation that what was being described had not happened at all, or that it was being exaggerated. In each one of these situations, I kept my discomfort to myself, assuming that others enjoyed or at least did not mind the conversation, and that I was in the minority. In addition, other misperceptions have been documented that may enable sexual assaults to occur. Berkowitz and Perkins (cited by Berkowitz, 1993), Morgan (1997), and White (2002), for example, found that college men and women commonly believe that other students are more sexually active than themselves. Misperceptions have also been documented with respect to rape myths, with most students assuming that other students are more likely to believe in rape myths than themselves (Boulter, 1997, Caruso, 1996, and Schwarz, 1993). Finally, Schewe (1999) found that most college men would not enjoy forcing a woman to be sexually intimate, Berkowitz - Applications of Social Norms Theory -5 but thought that most other men would. Muehlenhard and Cook (1988), for example, found that over two-thirds of men engaged in unwanted sex with women at some point in their lives as a result of pressure they felt from other men. Miller and McFarland (1991) have suggested that pluralistic ignorance is strongest when fear of social disapproval motivates behavior. For men, the need to fit into a masculine ideal and be accepted by other men may result in suppression of behavior inconsistent with this ideal and foster the assumption that other men, unlike oneself, actually live up to it. As a result men operate under what Jackson Katz has referred to as the "tough guise" syndrome, pretending in most cases to be something we are not (Katz & Jhally, 1999). Initially, young boys may act or speak in a sexist manner around their peers because they do not wish to be embarrassed by not appearing appropriately masculine. Over time, however, they may internalize the gender-typed rhetoric to which they originally just paid lip service because they thought everyone believed it. This in turn provides unintentional encouragement to the more hyper-masculine men who engage in inappropriate behaviors, providing them with the belief. This understanding of male behavior is consistent with integrative models of sexual assault proposed by Berkowitz (1992) and Schwartz and DeKeseredy (1997), which emphasize the role of male peer support as a facilitator of coercive sexuality. Revealing the true norm of intolerance among men can occur informally or formally. Berkowitz (1994A) has described a peer-facilitated rape prevention program in which men are given permission to share their true feelings about the issue in the presence of older, respected students who model honesty and willingness to confront inappropriate behavior. Creating a safe space for men to discuss the issue provides an opportunity for the true norm to surface and encourages men to speak honestly about their disapproval of opportunistic and coercive sexuality. This is perhaps the most important component of rape prevention programs for men (Berkowitz, 2002).
Let us break the problem of determining rk (B) into two cases hiv infection prognosis generic 16mg atacand free shipping, depending on whether or not a certain square s is one of the squares chosen for the k noncapturing rooks hiv infection of the brain buy atacand 16mg on-line. Let Bs be the board obtained from B by deleting square s symptoms hiv infection first week order atacand 16 mg without prescription, and let Bs be the board obtained from B by deleting square s plus all squares in the same row or column as s symptoms of hiv infection early stages 16mg atacand mastercard. Hence we conclude that rk (B) = rk (Bs) + rk-1 (Bs) (5) Using the generating function methods introduced in Section 7. Observe that Bs and Bs both break into disjoint subboards whose rook polynomials are easily determined by inspection: R(x, Bs) = (1 + 3x)(1 + 2x) = 1 + 5x + 6x 2 R(x, Bs) = (1 + 2x)(1 + x) = 1 + 3x + 2x 2 R(x, B) = R(x, Bs) + x R(x, Bs) = (1 + 5x + 6x 2) + x(1 + 3x + 2x 2) = 1 + 6x + 9x 2 + 2x 3 these results apply to any board B and any square s in B. If the boards Bs and Bs do not break up into disjoint subboards, we can reapply Theorem 3 to Bs and Bs. Example 2: Nondecomposable Constraints In Example 1, suppose that the tastes of uncle U1 change and now he would not like card C2 but would like C1. The new board of forbidden positions is shown in 348 Chapter 8 InclusionExclusion A2 C1 C5 C2 C4 s U1 A1 U2 U3 Figure 8. The square in the bottom right corner, call it t, is still disjoint from the other squares, call them board B1. Board B1 cannot be decomposed into disjoint subboards, and so we must use Theorem 3. Describe the associated chessboard of darkened squares for finding all derangements of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Find the number of matchings of five men with five women given the constraints in the figure below on the left, where the rows represent the men and the columns represent the women. Find the number of matchings of five men with five women given the constraints in the figure above on the right, where the rows represent the men and the columns represent the women. Seven dwarfs D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 each must be assigned to one of seven jobs in a mine, J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7. D1 cannot do jobs J1 or J3; D2 cannot do J1 or J5; D4 cannot do J3 or J6; D5 cannot do J2 or J7; D7 cannot do J4. Suppose none of the ordered pairs of values (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (5, 5), (5, 3), (6, 1), (6, 2) occur. What is the probability that all six values on the first die and all six values on the second die occur once in the six rolls of the two dice? If woman 1 is incompatible with men 3 and 5; woman 2 is incompatible with men 1 and 2; woman 3 is incompatible with man 4; and woman 4 is incompatible with men 2 and 4, how many matches of the four women are there? Suppose five officials O1, O2, O3, O4, O5 are to be assigned five different city cars: an Escort, a Lexus, a Nissan, a Taurus, and a Volvo. O1 will not drive an Escort or a Nissan; O2 will not drive a Taurus; O3 will not drive a Lexus or a Volvo; O4 will not drive a Lexus; and O5 will not drive an Escort or a Nissan. If a feasible assignment of cars is chosen randomly, what is the probability that (a) O1 gets the Volvo? Let Rn,m (x) be the rook polynomial for an n Ч m chessboard (n rows, m columns, all squares may have rooks). Find two different chessboards (not row or column rearrangements of one another) that have the same rook polynomial. Let Mn (x) be the 0 rook polynomial when n may appear in position 1, and let Mn (x) be the rook polynomial when both 1 and n may appear in position 1. Given an n Ч m chessboard Cn,m (see Exercise 12) and a board C of darkened squares in Cn,m, the complement C of C in Cn,m is the board of nondarkened squares. The resulting formula, the inclusionexclusion formula, was then applied to various counting problems. This formula requires the proper set-theoretic restatement of a problem and the solution of some fairly straightforward subproblems, but in return the formula eliminates all the worry about logical decomposition (as well as worry about counting some outcomes twice). After having no help in their problem-solving in Chapter 5, readers should find it easy to appreciate fully the power of a formula that does much of the reasoning for them. The last section on rook polynomials provides a nice mini-theory about organizing the inclusionexclusion computations in arrangements with restricted positions.
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For this reason antiviral drug for hiv buy generic atacand 4 mg on line, the Frame Relay standard includes congestion control mechanisms to ensure fair bandwidth allocation hiv transmission facts statistics atacand 4mg otc, and feedback mechanisms to inform user devices about the availability of network bandwidth hiv infected macrophages order atacand 8 mg without prescription. The service provider generally oversubscribes its internal network hiv infection rate from needle stick purchase atacand 8mg with visa, making the assumption that not all virtual circuits use all of their available bandwidth all of the time. The resulting behavior at the end systems depends on which protocol and which implementation of the protocol is being used. Frame Relay Traffic Control When you subscribe to a Frame Relay service with a provider, you establish an access rate and order the appropriate line service and interface for the router to support this access rate. The Be parameter is the number of bits in excess of Bc that a virtual circuit can send during the T time period. This decision is based on the pricing model of the service provider and the analysis of traffic volume and flow that you did as part of the requirements-analysis phase of the network design process. To keep things simple, some providers base their Frame Relay offerings simply on the physical access rate. Applications can theoretically share bandwidth more fairly in a cell-based system compared to a frame-based system, because in a frame-based system, large frames can monopolize bandwidth. The customer gets the benefit of a lower-cost entry into the network through the use of an Ethernet interface. Ethernet advantages include low cost, simplicity, ease of maintenance, interoperability with existing equipment, high speeds, and ease of upgrading to even faster speeds. The network can implement connection admission control and resource allocation differently for different service classes. Metro Ethernet Chapter 10, "Selecting Technologies and Devices for Campus Networks," briefly covered Metro Ethernet. Carriers offer Metro Ethernet to customers who are looking for a cost-effective method to interconnect campus networks and to access the Internet. In addition to the standard Ethernet speeds, many providers offer a 1-Mbps service and allow customers to add bandwidth in 1-Mbps increments. Metro Ethernet also supports many QoS features to optimize the forwarding of latency-sensitive traffic. The most common method for using Metro Ethernet for dedicated Internet access is to use the E-line service. Chapter 10 covered typical criteria for the selection of internetworking devices in general. When provisioning enterprise routers, keep in mind that in a hierarchical design, such as the designs discussed in Chapter 5, "Designing a Network Topology," a concentration of traffic from lower layers of the hierarchy aggregates at routers at the top of the hierarchy. This means you need to plan for adequate performance on the routers at the upper layers of the hierarchy. Chapter 13, "Optimizing Your Network Design," discusses router optimization techniques in more detail. Using cost as the main selection criterion, however, can make the choice difficult because providers offer distinct services and define terms and conditions differently. Does the support staff have experience with your particular protocols and applications? If necessary, can you request a dedicated single-point-of-contact support representative who will take responsibility for resolving all problems and questions? Does the provider offer a customer training program on services and pricing structures? The section describes an actual network design that was developed for Klamath Paper Products. They also manufacture wood pulp and chemicals used in the manufacturing of pulp and paper. Klamath employs around 1500 people and has customers all over the world, with a large customer base in Asia. Klamath recently completed a strategic re-engineering project that identified ways to increase profits by improving the efficiency of internal processes and making more use of recycled postconsumer paper in the production of new paper products. As a result of the re-engineering project, the Conservation Initiative Task Force at Klamath plans to roll out an ongoing distance-learning program that will train all employees on ways to conserve raw materials, use recycled materials, and work more efficiently.
Jagan Mohan and Chopra report that the Indian Air Force quickly realized that many pilot claims for aircraft destroyed on the ground at Pakistani airfields during the 1971 conflict were actually of dummy F-86 Sabres hiv infection by age group atacand 16mg low cost. In this image antiviral brand crossword discount 16 mg atacand overnight delivery, the decoy is nearest the camera hiv infection life expectancy order atacand 16 mg on-line, and the real F-16 is farther away hiv infection news buy atacand 4mg without a prescription. Initially, airfields were just collections of tents on open fields with aircraft parked in the open. Hangars were built to protect aircraft from the elements and buildings erected for sleeping and eating quarters. Modest hardening was implemented, including dugouts built with log roofs, dirt and sandbags to protect personnel during air attack, and some use of sandbags and revetments to protect structures. One of the most ambitious hardening programs of the war was the creation of a massive underground fuel-storage facility at Pearl Harbor that could protect 6 million barrels of fuel and diesel oil, complete with underground "bombproof" pump house. Begun in December 1940, the first phase was completed and ready for use by September 1942 and full project completed by July 1943. These programs seek to identify critical vulnerabilities and mitigate effects through selective hardening and recovery capabilities. Because of the relative vulnerability and scarcity of aircraft, protecting them has received particular attention and is the focus of this section. These were most often constructed using soil, brick, and sandbags, often in combination, to create protective berms or walls. Revetments provided some protection from low-level strafing or bombing near misses, but, if the attacker made multiple strafing runs from different directions, losses could be heavy. Revetments also helped prevent secondary explosions and fires or munitions accidents from damaging nearby aircraft. To provide better protection from heavy or accurate attacks, aircraft needed to be parked either in caves or tunnels (quite effective but rarely available) or inside shelters constructed with hardened walls and roofs. Made of reinforced concrete and covered with soil and plants, the shelters offered excellent protection from anything other than a direct bomb hit or head-on strafing run. There appeared to be about 30 still standing, many empty but others used for storage by local landowners. Modern hardened concrete shelters with doors first appeared during the Korean War. One was built at Eglin Air Force Base for testing, but the program was not pursued. These shelters were made of corrugated steel with 18 inches of 4,000-psi reinforced concrete on top, designed to defeat mortars or rockets up to 122 mm. This shelter design lived up to expectations, defeating rocket or mortar attacks in multiple documented cases. This effort included operational simulations, design and construction of prototype shelters, and explosive tests. Like the earlier design, the second- and thirdgeneration shelters had 18-inch concrete overhead protection but also added a back wall with exhaust vent and a 1-ft. This design could defeat small submunitions, as well as protect the aircraft from near misses from large unitary weapons. The main benefit of this design against emerging threats is that it forces would-be attackers to use either precision unitary weapons or larger submunitions. By the end of the Cold War, the United States had constructed roughly 1,000 such shelters in Europe and the Pacific. Although using a different design with earth overburden, the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact built hundreds of roughly similar fighter shelters intended to protect against unguided large unitary weapons or small submunitions. Roofs have varying angles and are rubble-covered to hinder attack by penetrating weapons. High berms parallel the shelters, creating alleys for taxiways on both sides and preventing low-angle weapon delivery against the doors. Finally, the ends of the shelter structures are blended into the ground to prevent weapon delivery against shelter walls. Iraqi shelters are freestanding individual structures that lack the protection of berms.
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