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Puppy School As soon as your puppy is three months old gastritis chronic erosive buy lansoprazole 15mg without prescription, there is an urgent need to play catch-up in terms of socialization and confidence building with other dogs gastritis diet zone lansoprazole 15 mg with visa. At the very latest gastritis diet ginger discount lansoprazole 15mg amex, before he is eighteen weeks old gastritis chronic nausea order lansoprazole 30 mg with visa, your pup should start puppy training classes. You certainly want to be enrolled in class before your pup collides with adolescence. Puppy classes allow your pup to develop canine social savvy while playing with other puppies in a nonthreatening and controlled setting. Shy and fearful pups quickly gain confidence in leaps and bounds and bullies learn to tone it down and be gentle. If not sufficiently socialized as puppies, dogs generally lack the confidence to have fun and play as adults. Moreover, once they are fearful or aggressive as adults, dogs can be difficult to rehabilitate. Luckily, these potentially serious problems with adult dogs are easily prevented in puppyhood, simply by letting puppies play with each other. Also, socialized dogs, which have encountered all sizes and sorts of dogs, are better equipped to deal with occasional encounters with unsocialized or unfriendly dogs. So people-friendliness is a much more important doggy quality than dog-friendliness. Unfortunately, few suburban dogs are regularly walked or even given the opportunity to interact with other dogs. On the other hand, for owners who consider dog-friendliness important, in fact a major reason for having a dog, their dogs are presumably walked and/or taken to dog parks regularly and so are likely to grow up to be sociable with other dogs. But even for these dogs, people-friendliness is much more important than dog-friendliness, because every day when walked or taken to a park, they are likely to meet many strangers, often children. Most puppy classes are family-oriented, so your pup will have opportunities to socialize with all sorts of people- men, women, and especially, children. Dogs learn to come, sit, and lie down when requested, to stand still and roll over for examination, to listen to their owners, and to ignore distractions. Whether your puppy is still biting you too much and harder than you would like, or whether he is biting less than necessary to develop reliable bite inhibition, puppy play sessions are the solution. Classes of young puppies of about the same age generate high energy and activity levels, pretty much on par with groups of similar-aged children. Each puppy stimulates the others to give chase and play-fight, such that the frequency of bites during puppy play is astronomical. Moreover, each puppy tends to rev up all the others, such that the physical nature of the play and the force of play-bites periodically increase to the point where one puppy predictably bites another too hard and receives the appropriate feedback. In fact, a pup is likely to receive better feedback regarding the force of his bites during a single one-hour puppy class than he would all week from his owners at home. Now, as mentioned earlier, even well-socialized dogs may have occasional disagreements and squabbles. Although it is unrealistic to expect dogs never to squabble and scrap, it is absolutely realistic to expect dogs to settle their differences without mutilating people or other dogs. It all depends on the level of bite inhibition they develop while mouthing other puppies in play. By four months of age, puppy play is almost entirely comprised of chasing and biting each other. Common and serious infectious diseases such as parvovirus and distemper are a big concern with young puppies, that require a series of immunizations to produce solid immunity. By three months of age, puppies only have 70Â75 percent immunity, so there is justifiable concern that they are still at risk if exposed to infection. But puppy classrooms are pretty safe places, since only vaccinated puppies are present and the floors are regularly cleaned and sterilized. But no animal is 100 percent immune to disease, and no environment is 100 percent safe. If physical health were the only concern, I would advise that puppies not venture out into potentially infected areas until they are at least five to six months old. Each year in the United States, an average of five puppies per veterinary clinic die from parvovirius, whereas several hundred are euthanized because of behavior and temperament problems. And just as a developing puppy needs immunizations against infectious diseases, he also requires social and educational "immunizations" to prevent him from developing behavior
The success and adequacy of the system depend on its ability to match the laboratory habitat to the natural history of the species (Godfrey and Sanders 2004; Green 2002; Lawrence 2007; Spence et al gastritis symptoms pdf order lansoprazole 30mg overnight delivery. Characteristics of the water that may affect its appropriateness include temperature no xplode gastritis generic lansoprazole 30mg with mastercard, pH gastritis symptoms bupa generic 30mg lansoprazole, alkalinity gastritis from coffee buy lansoprazole 30 mg line, nitrogen waste products (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate), phosphorus, chlorine/bromine, oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity/salinity, hardness (osmolality/dissolved minerals), dissolved oxygen, total gas pressure, ion and metal content, and the established microbial ecology of the tank. Water quality parameters can directly affect animal well-being; different classes, species, and ages in a species may have different water quality needs and sensitivities to changes in water quality parameters. Routine measurement of various water characteristics (water quality testing) is essential for stable husbandry. Standards for acceptable water quality, appropriate parameters to test, and testing frequency should be identified at the institutional level and/or in individual animal use protocols depending on the size of the aquatic program. Staff managing aquatic systems need to be trained in biologically relevant aspects of water chemistry, how water quality parameters may affect animal health and well-being, how to monitor water quality results, and how water quality may affect life support system function. The specific parameters and frequency of testing vary widely (depending on the species, life stage, system, and other factors), from continuous monitoring to infrequent spot checks. Recently established systems and/or populations, or changes in husbandry procedures, may require more frequent assessment as the system ecology stabilizes; stable environments may require less frequent testing. Toxins from system components, particularly in newly constructed systems, may require special consideration such as leaching of chemicals from construction materials, concrete, joint compounds, and sealants (DeTolla et al. Chlorine and chloramines used to disinfect water for human consumption or to disinfect equipment are toxic to fish and amphibians and must be removed Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. Life Support System the phrase life support system refers to the physical structure used to contain the water and the animals as well as the ancillary equipment used to move and/or treat the water. The type of life support system used depends on several factors including the natural habitat of the species, age/size of the species, number of animals maintained, availability and characteristics of the water required, and the type of research. Life support systems typically fall into three general categories: recirculating systems where water (all or part) is moved around a system, flowthrough systems where water is constantly replaced, or static systems where water is stationary and periodically replenished or replaced. The source of water for these systems typically falls into four general categories: treated wastewater. Artificial saltwater may be created by adding appropriate salt to freshwater sources. Source water selection should be based on the provision of a consistent or constant supply, incoming biosecurity level requirements, water volumes needed, species selection, and research considerations. Recirculating systems are common in indoor research settings where high-density housing systems are often needed. Most recirculating systems are designed to exchange a specific volume of water per unit time and periodically introduce fresh water into the system. These systems are the most mechanically advanced, containing biologic filters (biofilters) that promote conversion of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate via nitrifying bacteria, protein skimmers (foam fractionators) and particulate filters to remove undissolved and dissolved proteins and particulate matter, carbon filters to remove dissolved chemicals, and ultraviolet or ozone units to disinfect the water. The systems generally contain components to aerate and degas the water (to prevent gas oversaturation) and to heat or cool it, as well as automated dosing systems to maintain appropriate pH and conductivity. Not all elements are present in all systems and some components may accomplish multiple functions. Recirculating systems may be designed so that multiple individual tanks are supplied with treated water from a single source, as is the case with "rack" systems used for zebrafish (danio rerio) and Xenopus Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. The development and maintenance of the biofilter is critical for limiting ammonia and nitrite accumulation in recirculating systems. The microorganisms supported by the biofilter require certain water quality parameters. Continuous or timed flow-through systems can be used where suitable water is available to support the species to be housed. Static systems vary in size from small tanks to large inground ponds, and may use mechanical devices to move and aerate water. Temperature, humidity, and Ventilation the general concepts discussed in the Terrestrial Animals section also apply to the aquatic setting. Most aquatic or semiaquatic species (fish, amphibians, and reptiles) used in research are poikilotherms, which depend, for the most part, on the temperature of their environment to sustain physiologic processes, such as metabolism, reproduction, and feeding behavior (Browne and Edwards 2003; Fraile et al. Temperature requirements are based on the natural history of the species and can vary depending on life stage (Green 2002; Pough 1991; Schultz and Dawson 2003).
Men commit much more violent crime than women gastritis diet plan lansoprazole 30 mg otc, but women are more depressed than men gastritis cats order lansoprazole 30 mg on-line. Rather chronic gastritis natural remedies generic 15mg lansoprazole with mastercard, the problems are being violent gastritis not eating purchase 15 mg lansoprazole amex, depressed, delinquent, demented, or suicidal. One of the sex acts common between gay men is anal sex, and that act requires one man to be penetrated by another. This situation is analogous to that between heterosexual partners, in which a man is nearly always the penetrator, and the woman the receptive partner. Men possess a prostate gland, an erogenous zone which is often pleasurably stimulated during receptive anal sex. Bend Over Boyfriend, an instructional sex videotape showing straight couples how women can (with appropriate equipment) anally penetrate their male partners, was a bestseller. Among gay men, enjoyment of anal penetration might sometimes reflect only a desire to experience a particular type of sexual pleasure, rather than a Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. Similarly, our lab found that gay men who like to be penetrated describe themselves as more feminine than other gay men, although the association was not a strong one. In our analysis of personal advertisements, we also looked at whether advertisers requested or described a preferred sexual role. A slight majority of advertisers described themselves as "bottoms" and sought "tops. I have heard the complaint that at every gay bar there are "1,000 bottoms looking for a top" (though our results suggest that this is an exaggeration). One gay acquaintance related the following story, which is not unusual among gay men: "I met this cute guy at the bar. He seemed so butch and like such a stud, but when I got him home, the first thing he did was throw his legs in the air. The other major factor that has made them vulnerable, however, is their masculinity, and it is to gay masculinity that I now turn. Charlie had met a man at the party that he found attractive, and he was asking Ben whether it was okay if he went home with the man to have sex. Ben assured Charlie that this was fine, provided that he stayed within the bounds of their agreement: they had to use condoms, and the liaison must be exclusively sexual, and not romantic. A couple of years ago, Rick was the sole monogamous holdout I 85 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. I later learned that the next weekend, Rick and his boyfriend had opened their relationship to include sex with other men in the form of threesomes. The idea of consensually nonmonogamous sexual relationships is, to say the least, challenging to the typical Northwestern University undergraduate. The panel is also asked about the number of sex partners they have had, and their answers always elicit gasps. Still, even using the broader definition of sex, the typical heterosexual Northwestern student finds it amazing that anyone has had so many partners. Although the straight men in my class have difficulty imagining the degree of cooperation necessary to have hundreds of sex partners, they have less difficulty understanding the desire to do so. Many of these experiences were anonymous-some took place in gay bathhouses, for example. Surveys have found approximately 30 to 50 percent of gay men to be attached at any one time, compared to approximately 75 percent of lesbians and even higher percentages of heterosexuals. Social conservatives have taken facts like these as evidence for the decadent and perverse nature of gay men. The currency of evolution-what determines how successful one has been, evolutionarily speaking-is the number of offspring one leaves. If a man had the universal cooperation of women, he could leave thousands of offspring in his lifetime. But women do not, in general, benefit at all from having more than one sex partner.
The larger the group of people who witness a problem gastritis symptoms list buy lansoprazole 15mg, the less responsible any one individual feels to help gastritis symptoms causes buy lansoprazole 30mg amex. Another factor contributing to the bystander effect is known as pluralistic ignorance uremic gastritis symptoms purchase 15mg lansoprazole overnight delivery. People seem to decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others gastritis beer lansoprazole 15 mg otc. Thus, if no one in a classroom seems worried by the black smoke coming through the vent, each individual concludes that taking no action is the proper thing to do. A significant body of research indicates that we like others who are similar to us, with whom we come into frequent contact, and who return our positive feelings. These three factors are often referred to as similarity, proximity, and reciprocal liking. Although conventional wisdom holds that opposites attract, psychological research indicates that we are drawn to people who are similar to us, those who share our attitudes, backgrounds, and interests. As is suggested by the mere-exposure effect, the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. In addition, only by talking to someone can one identify the similarities that will draw the pair closer together. Finally, every reader has probably had the misfortune to experience that liking someone who scorns you is not enjoyable. Not surprisingly, people are also attracted to others who are physically attractive. In fact, the benefits of being nice-looking extend well beyond the realm of attraction. Research has demonstrated that good-looking people are perceived as having all sorts of positive attributes including better personalities and greater job competence. Psychologists have also devoted tremendous time and attention to the concept of love. While research seems to indicate that the emotion of love qualitatively differs from liking and a number of theories about love have been proposed, the subject has proven difficult to explain adequately. Close relationships with friends and lovers are often built through a process of self-disclosure. On the path to intimacy, one person shares a detail of his or her life and the other reciprocates by exposing a facet of his or her own. A number of studies have illustrated that people perform tasks better in front of an audience than they do when they are alone. This phenomenon, that the presence of others improves task performance, is known as social facilitation. Later studies, however, found that when the task being observed was a difficult one rather than a simple, well-practiced skill, being watched by others actually hurt performance, a finding known as social impairment. Conformity is the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others. He brought participants into a room of confederates and asked them to make a series of simple perceptual judgments. Asch showed the participants three vertical lines of varying sizes and asked them to indicate which one was the same length as a different target line. All members of the group gave their answers aloud, and the participant was always the last person to speak. However, on some of them, all of the confederates gave the same, obviously incorrect judgment. Would they conform to a judgment they knew to be wrong or would they differ from the group? Asch found that in approximately one-third of the cases when the confederates gave an incorrect answer, the participants conformed. Furthermore, approximately 70 percent of the participants conformed on at least one of the trials.
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