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N P S Feedback Loops Figures At the end of the "Understanding" and the "Treating" sections for each major disorder in the edition cholesterol levels range chart buy 5 mg caduet with visa, you will usually find a Feedback Loops capstone section-e percent of cholesterol in shrimp cheap 5mg caduet otc. The Permissions and Attributions section (page P-1 at the back of this book) constitutes an extension of this copyright page foods that decrease cholesterol order caduet 5mg fast delivery. Grateful acknowledgment is given for the use of all quotations and previously published material cholesterol levels check order caduet 5mg with amex. Rosenberg is a clinical psychologist in private practice and has taught psychology courses at Lesley University and Harvard University. In addition, she is coauthor (with Stephen Kosslyn) of Psychology in Context and Fundamentals of Psychology in Context. She is the editor of Psychology of Superheroes and a contributor to the Psychology of Harry Potter and Batman Unauthorized. She is board certified in clinical psychology by the American Board of Professional Psychology, and has been certified in clinical hypnosis; she is a fellow of the American Academy of Clinical Psychology and a member of the Academy for Eating Disorders. Rosenberg specializes in treating people with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders, and she is interested in the integration of different therapy approaches. She was the founder and coordinator of the New England Society for Psychotherapy Integration. Rosenberg enjoys using superhero stories to illustrate psychological principles and can sometimes be found at comic book conventions. Kosslyn is the John Lindsley Professor of Psychology and former chair of the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, as well as former Head Tutor (directing the undergraduate program in Psychology). He currently is Dean of Social Science at Harvard as well as Associate Psychologist in the Department of Neurology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. His research has focused primarily on the nature of visual mental imagery, visual perception, and visual communication; he has authored or coauthored 9 books and over 300 papers on these topics. McCandless Young Scientist Award, the National Academy of Sciences Initiatives in Research Award, the Cattell Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the J-L. Signoret Prize (France), and an honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Caen (France), and he has been elected to Academia Rodinensis pro Remediatione (Switzerland), the Society of Experimental Psychologists, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Kosslyn works hard, but not every waking moment; his hobbies are bass guitar (he has played rock-and-roll and blues with the same group for many years) and French (he has struggled with the language ever since living in France for a year in 1996). Dropouts Dysthymic Disorder Understanding Depressive Disorders Neurological Factors Psychological Factors Social Factors Feedback Loops in Action: Depressive Disorders Researching Treatments That Target Psychological Factors Common Factors Specific Factors Controlling Possible Confounding Variables with Analogue Studies Is Therapy Better Than No Treatment? Cyclothymic Disorder Feedback Loops in Action: the Placebo Effect x i i Contents Understanding Bipolar Disorders Neurological Factors Psychological Factors: Thoughts and Attributions Social Factors: Social and Environmental Stressors Feedback Loops in Action: Bipolar Disorders Treating Bipolar Disorders Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication Targeting Psychological Factors: Thoughts, Moods, and Relapse Prevention Targeting Social Factors: Interacting with Others Feedback Loops in Treatment: Bipolar Disorder 224 224 226 226 226 228 228 229 230 230 232 232 232 234 235 236 236 237 239 239 241 241 241 241 Generalized Anxiety Disorder What Is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? Understanding Generalized Anxiety Disorder Neurological Factors Psychological Factors: Hypervigilance and the Illusion of Control Social Factors: Stressors Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding Generalized Anxiety Disorder 252 252 254 254 256 256 256 257 257 258 260 261 262 262 263 266 267 268 269 271 271 273 273 273 275 276 277 278 278 281 281 283 284 284 Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication Targeting Psychological Factors Targeting Social Factors Feedback Loops in Treatment: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Suicide Suicidal Thoughts and Suicide Risks Thinking About, Planning, and Attempting Suicide Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide Understanding Suicide Neurological Factors Psychological Factors: Hopelessness and Impulsivity Social Factors: Alienation and Cultural Stress Feedback Loops in Action: Suicide Panic Disorder (With and Without Agoraphobia) the Panic Attack-A Key Ingredient of Panic Disorder What Is Panic Disorder? Understanding Social Phobia Neurological Factors Psychological Factors Social Factors Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding Social Phobia Anxiety Disorders. The Fight-or-Flight Response Gone Awry Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders 248 248 249 251 Contents x i i i Treating Social Phobia Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication Targeting Psychological Factors: Exposure and Cognitive Restructuring Targeting Social Factors: Group Interactions Feedback Loops in Treatment: Social Phobia 285 286 286 287 288 289 289 290 290 290 291 291 291 292 292 293 294 294 296 296 296 297 297 299 299 302 302 305 305 306 308 308 308 309 309 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Stress Versus Traumatic Stress What Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Animal Type Natural Environment Type Blood-Injection-Injury Type Situational Type Other Type Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication Targeting Psychological Factors Targeting Social Factors: Safety, Support, and Family Education Feedback Loops in Treatment: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Specifics About Specific Phobias Understanding Specific Phobias Neurological Factors Psychological Factors Social Factors: Modeling and Culture Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding Specific Phobias Howard Hughes and Anxiety Disorders Treating Specific Phobias Targeting Neurological Factors: Medication Targeting Psychological Factors Targeting Social Factors: A Limited Role for Observational Learning Feedback Loops in Treatment: Specific Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder What Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? Understanding Dissociative Fugue 332 332 332 333 333 334 334 335 337 337 339 x i v Contents Depersonalization Disorder What Is Depersonalization Disorder? Understanding Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder What Is Dissociative Identity Disorder? Comorbidity Polysubstance Abuse Prevalence and Costs Somatoform Disorders Somatoform Disorders: An Overview Somatization Disorder What Is Somatization Disorder? Diagnosing Body Dysmorphic Disorder Versus Other Disorders Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder Is Somatoform Disorder a Useful Concept? Treating Somatoform Disorders Targeting Neurological Factors Targeting Psychological Factors: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Targeting Social Factors: Support and Family Education Feedback Loops in Treatment: Somatoform Disorders Depressants What Are Depressants? Alcohol Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Understanding Depressants Neurological Factors Psychological Factors Social Factors Follow-up on Anna O.
These principles have been applied to treatments for abuse of a variety of types of substances average cholesterol drop lipitor caduet 5mg discount, including heroin and cocaine (Higgins et al cholesterol ratio 2.0 5mg caduet mastercard. Positive incentives (obtaining reinforcement for a desired behavior) are more effective than negative consequences (such as taking away privileges) in helping patients to stay in treatment and in decreasing substance use (Carroll & Onken cholesterol za niski poziom discount caduet 5mg, 2005) cholesterol without fasting order caduet 5mg overnight delivery. The cost of providing such rewards can be high, and relapse often increases once rewards are discontinued, which limits the practicality and effectiveness of abstinence reinforcement as a long-term treatment (Carroll & Onken, 2005). Once the patient has stopped abusing the substance, behavioral treatment may focus on preventing relapse by extinguishing the conditioned response N P S Substance Use Disorders 4 2 7 Figure 9. Treatment may also focus on decreasing the frequency or intensity of emotional distress, which can contribute to relapse (Vuchinich & Table 9. One way treatment can help patients regulate emotional distress is by helping them develop healthier coping skills, When making any decision, whether large or small, do the which will then increase self-control. Pick a safe decision that miniquences of their substance use and have developed alternative behaviors, mizes your risk of relapse. Matching Treatment to Patient Research sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism studied whether some types of treatments for alcohol abuse and dependence are more effective for certain types of people. This large study found that patients generally tended to improve regardless of the type of treatment; all three treatments reduced the amount and frequency of drinking as well as of use of other drugs. Patients who were depressed found that treatment improved their mood, and the improved mood lasted for up to a year afterward. Studies of treatments for abuse of cocaine have produced similar findings regarding matching (Beck, 1999). Although studies have not shown a neat match between specific types of patients and specific treatments, two general findings have emerged: (1) For patients who abuse more than one substance, a single treatment program that focuses on polysubstance abuse tends to be more effective than a series of programs that focus on one substance at a time. Targeting Social Factors Treatments that target social factors aim to change interpersonal and community antecedents and consequences of substance abstinence and use. Antecedents might be addressed by decreasing family tensions, increasing summer employment among teens, and decreasing community violence. Consequences might be addressed by increasing community support for abstinence and providing improved housing or employment opportunities for reduced use or for abstinence. Residential Treatment Some people who seek treatment for substance abuse may need more intensive help, such as the assistance that can be found in residential treatment, which provides a round-the-clock therapeutic environment (such as the Betty Ford Center in California). Because it is so intensive, residential treatment can help an individual more rapidly change how he or she thinks, feels, and behaves; some residential treatment programs have a spiritual component. Depending on the philosophy of the program, various combinations of methods-targeting neurological, psychological, and social factors-may be available. Community-Based Treatment Treatments that target social factors are usually provided in groups. One approach focuses on providing group therapy, which typically take place in residential programs, day-treatment programs (to which patients come during the day to attend groups and receive individual therapy but do not stay overnight), methadone clinics, and drug counseling centers. In addition, there are a number of self-help groups for people with substance abuse. The group provides peer pressure and support for abstinence (Crits-Christoph et al. Moreover, members may use role-playing to try out new skills, such as saying "no" to friends who offer drugs. Other types of groups include social-skills training groups, where members learn ways to communicate their feelings and desires more Substance Use Disorders 4 2 9 Steven L. Raymer/National Geographic/Getty Images Various types of treatment for substance use disorders can be offered in the community, including day-treatment programs, methadone clinics (such as the one shown here), group therapy, and self-help groups.
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Using the neuropsychosocial approach ldl cholesterol levels chart australia purchase caduet 5 mg amex, we show how disparate fields of psychology and psychiatry (such as neuroscience and clinical practice) are providing a unified and overarching understanding of abnormal psychology cholesterol levels for diabetes discount caduet 5mg overnight delivery. Our chapter on diagnosis and assessment (Chapter 3) uses the neuropsychosocial framework to organize methods of assessing abnormality cholesterol test edinburgh purchase 5 mg caduet. We discuss how abnormality may be assessed through measures that address the different types of factors: neurological test of cholesterol buy caduet 5mg without a prescription. Similarly, in the treatment chapter (Chapter 4), we describe treatment from the neuropsychosocial perspective, explaining how each type of treatment is designed to target and change specific factors. We also explain how successful treatment-of any type-affects all factors, positively influencing neurological functioning, thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and social interactions. Preface x x i i i the research methods chapter (Chapter 5) also provides unique coverage. We explain the general scientific method, but we do so within the neuropsychosocial framework. Specifically, we consider methods used to study neurological and other biological factors. We show how the various measures themselves reflect the interactions among the different types of factors. Similarly, when the number of items checked off on a stressful life events scale is used to infer the actual stress experienced by individual participants, social and environmental factors are providing a proxy measure of the psychological and neurological consequences of stress. The chapter also discusses research on treatment from the neuropsychosocial framework. Moreover, when we discuss a particular disorder, we address the three basic questions of psychopathology: What exactly constitutes this psychological disorder? Pedagogy All abnormal psychology textbooks cover a lot of ground: Students must learn new concepts, facts, and theories. We want to make that task easier, to help students consolidate the material they learn and to come to a deeper understanding of the material. The icon specifies which types of factors and feedback loops are directly implicated by a particular study, set of findings, or theory ("N" for neurological, "P" for psychological, and "S" for social). For instance, in the margin here is the icon we use to note specific evidence or theory that implicates psychological and social factors-and the feedback loop between them-as contributing to a particular psychological disorder. Social Factors: Modeling N P S Sometimes, simply seeing other people exhibit fear of a particular stimulus is enough to make the observer become afraid of that stimulus (Mineka, Cook, & Miller, 1984). For example, if as a young child, you saw your older cousin become agitated and anxious when a dog approached, you might well learn to do the same. Similarly, repeated warnings about the dangers of a stimulus can increase the risk of developing a specific phobia of that stimulus (Antony & Barlow, 2002). In addition, an arrow points to the type of factor that is the direct target of relevant treatment. When patients successfully respond differently to a feared stimulus, this mastery over the compulsion gives them hope and motivates them to continue to perform the new behaviors. Examples of these sections are Feedback Loops in Action: Understanding Panic Disorder and Feedback Loops in Treatment: Panic Disorder. It is only when neurological, biological, and psychological factors interact that panic disorder develops (Bouton, Mineka, & Barlow, 2001). Cognitive processes such as catastrophic thinking and anxiety sensitivity (psychological factors) are triggered, in part, by environmental and social stressors (social factors). Indeed, such stressors may lead an individual to be aroused (neurological factor), but he or she then misinterprets the cause of this arousal (psychological factor). In addition to transcripts of therapy sessions and brief first-person descriptions of particular symptoms, the textbook includes three types of clinical material: a story woven through each chapter, traditional third-person cases (From the Outside), and first-person accounts (From the Inside). Chapter Stories: Illustration and Integration Each chapter opens with a story about an individual (or, in some cases, several individuals) who has symptoms of psychological distress or dysfunction. Observations about the person or people described in the opening story are then woven throughout the chapter.
All four methods of purging-vomiting cholesterol bad buy 5mg caduet mastercard, diuretics cholesterol test labcorp purchase 5mg caduet free shipping, laxatives cholesterol ratio nz order caduet 5mg amex, and enemas-can result in dehydration cholesterol ratio units order 5 mg caduet overnight delivery, because they all deprive the body of needed fluids. Psychological and Social Effects of Starvation Researchers in the 1940s documented a number of unexpected psychological and social effects of extreme caloric restriction in what is sometimes called the starvation study (Keys et al. When healthy young men were given half their usual caloric intake for 6 months, they lost 25% of their original weight and suffered other changes: They became more sensitive to the sensations of light, cold, and noise; they slept less; they lost their sex drive; and their mood worsened. The men lost their sense of humor, argued with one another, and showed symptoms of depression and anxiety. They also became obsessed with food-talking and dreaming about food, collecting and sharing recipes. These striking effects persisted for months after the men returned to their normal diets. It is sobering that, even on this diet, the participants in the starvation study still ate more each day than do many people with anorexia. The participants in the starvation study were psychologically healthy adult men, and they developed the noticeable symptoms after less than 6 months of caloric intake that would now be considered a relatively strict diet. Most people (females) with anorexia develop the disorder when they are younger than were the men in the study-and the consequences of restricting eating at a young age may be more severe than those noted in the starvation study. Moreover, patients with anorexia generally maintain unhealthy eating patterns for much longer than the 6-month study period. The long-term effects of starvation can also lead people with anorexia to forget what it was like to live without the medical and psychological effects of the disorder. Marya Hornbacher described this kind of mental state: I was beginning to harbor [the] delusion. When you coast without eating for a significant amount of time, and you are still alive, you begin to scoff at those fools who believe they must eat to live. They take for granted the feeling of steadiness, of hands that do not shake, heads that do not ache, throats not raw with bile and small rips from fingernails forced in haste to the gag spot. In this short amount of time, participants became preoccupied with food, as frequently occurs among people with anorexia. They also developed symptoms of depression and anxiety, which are often comorbid with anorexia. A minority may come to view anorexia as a lifestyle choice rather than a disorder. Unfortunately, anorexia has serious physical and mental health consequences, which are swept under the rug by such attempts to reframe the condition. In this section we first consider problems with the diagnostic criteria and then examine problems with the classification into the two types of anorexia. The extent to which someone is underweight does not accurately predict the degree or type of medical problems she will develop or how she will fare over time. Such fear may not characterize people with anorexia in non-Western cultures such as that of Hong Kong. Rather, a fear of gaining weight appears to be a by-product of a Western cultural value of thinness (Keel & Klump, 2003; Lee, Ho, & Hsu, 1993; Walsh & Kahn, 1997). Some researchers and clinicians propose that this criterion should instead highlight the overemphasis on the importance of controlling eating rather than focus on weight (Palmer, 2003). Many researchers suggest that this diagnostic criterion should be deleted because it is not reliably associated with the degree of weight loss or the outcome of the eating disorder. Some women continue to menstruate at low weights; other women develop amenorrhea before losing a significant amount of weight (Cachelin & Maher, 1998; Garfinkel et al. Moreover, among females diagnosed with anorexia, those who have amenorrhea are similar to menstruating females with anorexia in terms of body image problems, depression, personality disorders, and the severity of the eating disorder (Garfinkel et al. Problems With the Types the goal of delineating types or subtypes of a disorder is to identify and organize useful information, such as distinguishing the prognosis or course of one type from another. Patients diagnosed with one type often shift to the other type over time (Eddy et al. For example, at an 8-year follow-up, one study found that 62% of those with the restricting type had changed to the binge-eating/purging type; in fact, only 12% of those who had been restrictors never developed any binge/purge symptoms. These findings suggests that the restricting type may be an earlier phase of the disorder for some patients (Eddy et al. Anorexia can lead to significant medical problems, most importantly muscle wasting (particularly of heart muscle), as well as low heart rate, low blood pressure, loss of bone density, and decreased metabolism.
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