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Water & Electrolytes Water: Daily requirements symptoms zoloft overdose purchase zofran 8 mg without a prescription, regulation of water metabolism medicine news cheap zofran 8mg visa, distribution of body water symptoms torn meniscus trusted 4mg zofran. Assessment of nutritional status Nutrition education and role of nurse 12 Biochemistry Placements: First year Time: Practical - 30 hrs treatment hyperthyroidism purchase zofran 4 mg with amex. Course Description: the Course is designed to assist the students to acquire knowledge of the normal biochemical composition and functioning of human body and understand the alterations in biochemistry in diseases for practice of nursing. Free radical and antioxidants Specialised protein: Collagen, Elastin, Karatin, Myosin, Lens Protein. Investigations and their Interpretations 15 Nursing Foundations Placements: First year Time: Theory - 265 hrs. Practical 650 (200 lab and 450 clinical) Course Description: this course is designed to help the students to develop an understanding of the philosophy, Objectives, theories and process of nursing in various Supervised Clinical settings. It is aimed at helping the students to acquire knowledge, understanding and skills in techniques of nursing and practice them in Supervised Clinical settings. Assist with Intra Venous medications Drug measurements and dose calculations Preparation of lotions and solutions Administers topical applications Insertion of drug into body cavity: Suppository & medicated packing etc. Instillation of medicines and spray into Ear, Eye, Nose and throat Irrigations: Eye, Ear, Bladder, Vagina and Rectum Inhalations: dry and moist Care of dying patient Caring and packing of dead body Counseling and supporting grieving relatives Terminal care of the unit 31 Psychology Placements: First year Time: Theory - 60 hrs. Course Description: the course is designed to assist the students to acquire knowledge of fundamentals of psychology and develop an insight into behaviour of self and others, Further it is aimed at helping them to practice the principles of mental hygiene for promoting mental health in nursing practice. It also provides opportunity for practicing infection control measures in hospital and community settings. Course Description: this course is designed for students to develop basic understanding of uses of computer and its applications in nursing. Course Description: this course is designed to introduce the concepts of sociology related to community and social institutions in India and its relationship with health, illness and nursing. Culture Nature of culture Evolution of culture Diversity and uniformity of culture Biodiversity and its conservation Definition-definition, species and ecosystem diversity Biogeographical classification of India Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use,social ethical, aesthetic and option values Biodiversity at global, National and local levels, hotspots Threats: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife,man-wildlife conflicts Endangered and endemic species of India Conservation of Biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity. Social groups and Processes the meaning and classification of groups Primary & Secondary group In-group V/s. Out-group, class Tribe, Caste Economic, Political, Religious groups, Mob, Crowd, Public and audience Interaction & Social Processes Co-Operation, Competition, Conflict Accommodation, Assimilation & Isolation V. Demographic Characteristics Malthusian theory of Populations Population explosion in India and its impact on health status Family welfare programme Family functions Types-joint, Nuclear, Blended and extended family: the modern Family-Changes, Problems-Dowry etc. Social welfare programmes in India Role of nurse 40 Pharmacology Placements: Second year Time: Theory 45 Hrs. Course Description: this course is designed to enable students to acquire understanding of pharmacodynamics, pharmacoknetics, principles of therapeutics and nursing implications. Introduction to pharmacology Content Definitions Sources Terminology used Types: Classification Pharmacodynamics: Actions, therapeutic. Chemotherapy Pharmacology of commonly used: Penicillin Cephlosporms Aminoglycosides Macrolide & Brord Spectrum Antibiotics Sulfonamides Quinolones Antiamoebic Antimalarials Anthelmintics Antiscabies agents Antiviral & Anti-fungal agents Antitubercular durgs 41 6 hrs. Introduction to Drugs use in alternative systems of medicine: Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Unani and Siddha etc 45 Pathology and Genetics Section A- Pathology Placements: Second year Time: Theory 45 hours (Pathology 30 & Genetics 15 hrs) Course Description: this course is designed to enable students to acquire knowledge of pathology of various disease conditions and apply this knowledge in practice of nursing. Methods of collection for various tests, inference and normal values 48 Section B- Genetics Placements: Second year Time: Theory 15 Hrs. Course Description: this course is designed to enable students to acquire understanding of genetics, its role in causation and management of defects and diseases. Maternal, prenatal and genetic influences on development of defects and disease Condition affecting the mother: genetic and infections Consanguinity atopy Prenatal nutrition and food allergies. Services related to Genetics Genetic testing Human genome project Gene therapy the Eugenics movement Genetic counseling Legal and Ethical issues Role of nurse 50 Medical Surgical Nursing (Adult including Geriatrics) I Placements: Second year Time: Theory - 210 hrs. Role of nurse, patient and family in care of adult patient Role and responsibilities of a nurse in medical surgical settings: Outpatient department In-patient unit Intensive care unit. Review of anatomy and physiology of digestive system Nursing assessment-history and physical assessment Etiology, pathophysiology, Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment modalities and medical, surgical, dietetics & nursing management Disorders of Oral cavity-lips, gums tongue, salivary glands and teeth Oesophague inflammation, stricture, obstruction, bleeding and tumours Stomach and deudenum hiatus hernia, gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcer, bleeding, tomours, pyloric stenosis. Small intestinal disorders- inflammation and infection, enteritis, malabsorption, obstruction, tumour and perforation Large intestinal disorders- colitis, inflammation and infection, obstruction and tumour and lump Hernias Appendix-inflammation, mass, abscess, rupture Anal & Rectum; hemorrhoids, fissures, fistulas Peritonitis/acute abdomen Pancreas; inflammation, cyst, abscess and tumours Liver; inflammation, cyst, abscess, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hepatic failure, tumours Gall Bladder; inflammation, obstruction, stones and tumours Special therapies, alternative therapies Nursing procedures Drugs used in treatment of disorders of digestive system 53 V Nursing management of patient (adults including elderly) with blood and cardio vascular problems 30 hrs. Management and counseling of blood donors, phlebotomy procedure, and post donation management, blood bank functioning and hospital transfusion committee. Review of anatomy and physiology of skin and its appendages Nursing Assessment-History and physical assessment Etiology, Pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment modalities and medical, surgical dietetics & nursing management of disorders of skin and its appendage Lesions and abrasions Infection and infestations; Dermatitis Dermatoses; infectious and non infectious "inflammatory dermatoses" Acne Vulgaris Allergies and Eczema Psoriasis Malignant melanoma Alopecia Special therapies, alternative therapies Nursing procedures Drugs used in treatment of disorders of Integumentary system X 15 hrs.
Crotalus atrox toxoid (kr-tah-luhs ah-trohcks tohcks-oyd) = inactivated toxin from the Western diamondback rattlesnake used in dogs to reduce morbidity and mortality due to envenomation by this snake shakira medicine order zofran 8mg line. Giardia lamblia (g-ahr-d-ah lahmb-l-ah) = protozoan that may cause asymptomatic disease or cause diarrhea in dogs and cats medications mobic purchase zofran 8mg with mastercard. Lyme (lm) disease = bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transported by a tick vector; associated with fever treatment dvt purchase zofran 8 mg on line, anorexia medicine 911 generic zofran 4 mg with amex, joint disorders, and occasionally neurologic signs; also called Lyme borreliosis. The pouches that store an oily, foul-smelling fluid in dogs and cats are called a. What is the device placed around the neck and head of dogs and cats to prevent them from traumatizing an area? A 3-yr-old F/S black Labrador retriever was presented to the clinic for removal of a round bone from the mandible. Hx: the dog had been chewing on the bone during the day and had gotten the bone stuck on its mandible. Gigli wire was threaded through the hole in the center of the bone, and the bone was cut in two places to allow its removal. While the bone was being sawed, tissue trauma occurred to the skin of the mandible. Abdominal palpation yielded normal kidneys, normal intestinal loops, a tense and painful caudal abdomen, and a turgid urinary bladder. When the bleeding was under control, the dog was anesthetized so that the blood vessels could be ligated and the wound sutured. When the abdominal incision was being closed, the veterinarian noted pooling of blood in the abdomen. A large amount of blood was coming from the abdominal incision, and the veterinarian had the technician reassess the animal. The owner was called to see whether the dog had been sick recently, and the owner stated that the dog was seen eating rat bait about 3 days earlier. Additional blood was collected in a heparin tube for assessment of clotting times, and the dog was given vitamin K1. The dog made a slow recovery and was hospitalized an additional night for observation. The dog was discharged with antibiotics, and an appointment was made to reassess the anal sacs in 7 days. Horses, donkeys, mules, and ponies have been used as companion rec animals as well. The lists in this chapter apply more specifically to the care and treatment of equine species. Western (wehs-trn) = method of riding in which the stirrup length is long, the rider rides in an upright posture, and the rider has a one-handed hold on the reins. Monkey mouth (lower incisors protrude beyond upper incisors) Parrot mouth (upper incisors protrude beyond lower incisors) Figure 192 Types of bad mouth (malocclusions). Tip of coffin bone In chronic founder, the coffin bone is detached and rotated toward the sole. Star Stripe Snip Star and stripe Blaze Star, stripe, and snip Bald Chin spot Star and snip Spot Race Half-heel Heel Coronet Half-pastern Pastern Sock or ankle Halfstocking Stocking Figure 197 Natural face and leg markings. Scotch hobble (skohtch hohb-uhl) = type of restraint in which all four feet are tied in an X pattern to keep them from moving or kicking. Management Terms as-fed basis (ahs-fehd b-sihs) = amount of nutrients in a diet expressed in the form in which it is fed. In longeing, a horse on a long strap or line travels in a large circle around the handler. Longeing helps train young horses, exercises horses, and improves balance and development of stride. English saddle Side view Cantle Seat Pommel Skirt Panel Stirrup bar Stirrup iron Tread of stirrup iron Skirt Backhousing or back jockey Cantle Horn Fork Seat Pommel Western saddle 387 Wool lining Rope strap Lace string Skirt Dee ring Front jockey and seat jockey, one piece Flap Stirrup leather Lace strings Dee ring Bottom view Panel Sweat flap Flap Leather flank girth billet Stirrup leather keeper Stirrup leather Front tie strap or cinch strap Fender or sudadero Stirrup Billets Figure 1913 Parts of the English saddle and Western saddle. Types of Horses draft (drahft) horse = large breed of working horse (usually over 17 hands) (Figure 1914). Equine Vaccinations equine encephalomyelitis (ehn-sehf-ah-l-m-ih-ltihs) = mosquito-transmitted infectious alphaviral disease of horses that is associated with motor irritation, paralysis, and altered consciousness; there are three types: Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan; also known as sleeping sickness.
Crescendo (kreh-shehn-d) murmurs are abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively increase in loudness symptoms congestive heart failure buy cheap zofran 4 mg on line, and decrescendo (deh-kreh-shehn-d) murmurs progressively decrease in loudness symptoms 97 jeep 40 oxygen sensor failure purchase 4mg zofran with visa. Other sounds that may be heard are split heart sounds (heartbeat sounds that are divided) medicine qid purchase zofran 8 mg amex, crackles (which may be associated with movement or respiratory sounds) medicine upset stomach 8mg zofran with amex, and rumbles (usually caused by shivering). The pulse is determined by feel and can be categorized as strong, weak, or thready. A pulse deficit occurs when the ventricles contract without enough force to propel blood to the periphery. Blood Vessels There are three major types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. These combining forms generally are used in reference to blood vessels but may be used to describe other types of vessels as well. The diameter of the lumen is affected by constriction (kohn-strihckt-shuhn), or narrowing of the vessel diameter, and dilation (d-l-shuhn), or widening of the vessel diameter. Blood in the arteries usually is oxygenated (the main exception is the pulmonary artery) and is bright red. The aorta (-r-tah) is the main trunk of the arterial system that begins from the left ventricle of the heart. After leaving the left ventricle, the aorta arches dorsally and then progresses caudally. The aorta branches into other arteries that supply many muscles and organs of the body. The branches from the aorta usually are named for the area in which they supply blood. For example, the celiac (s-l-ahck) artery supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen (celi/o is derived from the Greek term koilia, meaning belly); the renal arteries supply the kidneys; and the ovarian (or testicular) arteries supply the ovaries (or testicles). Occasionally, arteries are named for their location, as in the subclavian (suhb-kl-v-ahn) artery, which is located under the collarbone (Figure 89). The combining form arter/i means vessel that carries blood away from the heart, and the suffix -ole means small. Arterioles are smaller and thinner than arteries and carry blood to the capillaries. The capillaries (kahp-ih-lr-z) are single-cell-thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems. Blood flows rapidly through arteries and veins; however, blood flow is slower through the capillaries due to their smaller diameter. This slower flow allows time for the diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. In the rest of the body, oxygen diffuses (passes through) from the capillaries into tissue and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue into the capillaries. Capillaries connect with venules (vehn-yoolz), which are tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the veins. Veins (vnz) form a low-pressure collecting system that returns blood to the heart. Veins have thinner walls and are less elastic than arteries, which have muscular walls to allow contraction and expansion to move blood throughout the body (Figure 811). Because the veins do not have muscular walls, contractions of the skeletal muscles cause the blood to flow through the veins toward the heart. Veins also have valves that permit blood flow toward the heart and prevent blood from flowing away from the heart (Figure 812). Right common carotid Right axillary Right brachial Left common carotid Left subclavian Left axillary Left brachial Right subclavian Brachiocephalic Aorta Celiac Cranial mesenteric Right ovarian Caudal mesenteric Left renal Left testicular Left external iliac Left internal iliac Left femoral Caudal Diaphragm Pulmonary Figure 89 Major arteries in the cat. Many drugs are injected into vessels and transported to different areas of the body. Perivascular (pehr-ih-vahs-kyoolahr), or around the vessels, is an undesired route of administration and usually is an error of intravenous injection. Similar to arteries, veins usually are named for the area from which they take blood away. The jugular (juhg-yoolahr) vein drains the head and neck area (jugulum is Latin for throat), femoral veins drain the legs, and renal veins drain the kidneys.
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Use of the coefficients of static and kinetic friction is illustrated in Sample Problem 12 symptoms 4 days after conception order zofran 8 mg fast delivery. How much force directed parallel to the horizontal surface is required to start the sled in motion? To maintain motion symptoms kidney failure 8mg zofran sale, the applied force must equal the force of kinetic friction: Fk 5 kR 5 (0 symptoms xxy buy zofran 4 mg otc. The other factor affecting the magnitude of the friction force generated is the normal reaction force medications drugs prescription drugs discount 8 mg zofran mastercard. If weight is the only vertical force acting on a body sitting on a horizontal surface, R is equal in magnitude to the weight. If the object is a football blocking sled with a 100 kg coach standing on it, R is equal to the weight of the sled plus the weight of the coach. Other vertically directed forces such as pushes or pulls can also affect the magnitude of R, which is always equal to the vector sum of all forces or force components acting normal to the surfaces in contact (Figure 12-7). The magnitude of R can be intentionally altered to increase or decrease the amount of friction present in a particular situation. When a football coach stands on the back of a blocking sled, the normal reaction force exerted by the ground on the sled is increased, with a concurrent increase in the amount of friction generated, making it more difficult for a player to move the sled. Alternatively, if the magnitude of R is decreased, friction is decreased and it is easier to initiate motion. When a desk is pushed, the force exerted is typically directed diagonally downward. The vertical component of the push or pull either adds to or subtracts from the magnitude of the normal reaction force, thus influencing the magnitude of the friction force generated and the relative ease of moving the desk (Figure 12-8). The amount of friction present between two surfaces can also be changed by altering the coefficient of friction between the surfaces. For example, the use of gloves in sports such as golf and racquetball increases the coefficient of friction between the hand and the grip of the club or racquet. The application of a thin, smooth coat of wax to the bottom of cross-country skis is designed to decrease the coefficient of friction between the skis and the snow, with different waxes used for various snow conditions. Pushing a desk R 5 wt 1 Pv Pv P Ph wt Pulling a desk R 5 wt 2 Pv A widespread misconception about friction is that greater contact surface area generates more friction. Advertisements often imply that widetrack automobile tires provide better traction (friction) against the road than tires of normal width. However, the only factors known to affect friction are the coefficient of friction and the normal reaction force. Because wide-track tires typically weigh more than normal tires, they do increase friction to the extent that they increase R. However, the same effect can be achieved by carrying bricks or cinder blocks in the trunk of the car, a practice often followed by people who regularly drive on icy roads. Widetrack tires do tend to provide the advantages of increased lateral stability and increased wear, since larger surface area reduces the stress on a properly inflated tire. If the coefficient of friction is too low, as when a person with smooth-soled shoes walks on a patch of ice, slippage will occur. The bottom of a wet bathtub or shower stall should provide a coefficient of friction with the soles of bare feet that is sufficiently large to prevent slippage. The amount of friction present between ballet shoes and the dance studio floor must be controlled so that movements involving some amount of sliding or pivoting-such as glissades, assembles, and pirouettes-can be executed smoothly but without slippage. Rosin is often applied to dance floors because it provides a large coefficient of static friction but a significantly smaller coefficient of dynamic friction. This helps to prevent slippage in static situations and allows desired movements to occur freely. A controversial disagreement occurred between Glenn Allison, a retired professional bowler and member of the American Bowling Congress Hall of Fame, and the American Bowling Congress. According to the congress, his scores could not be recognized because the lanes he used did not conform to Congress standards for the amount of conditioning oil present (18), which gave Allison the unfair advantage of added ball traction. The magnitude of the rolling friction present between a rolling object, such as a bowling ball or an automobile tire, and a flat surface is approximately one-hundredth to one-thousandth of that present between sliding surfaces.
The posterior compartment of the thigh includes the hamstrings: the biceps femoris medicine you can order online order zofran 8 mg visa, semitendinosus treatment x time interaction generic 8 mg zofran otc, and the semimembranosus treatment 5th metatarsal stress fracture cheap 8mg zofran mastercard, which all flex the knee treatment ibs order zofran 4 mg with amex. The muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes are divided into anterior, lateral, superficial- and deep-posterior compartments. The lateral compartment houses the fibularis (peroneus) longus and the fibularis (peroneus) brevis. The superficial posterior compartment has the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris; and the deep posterior compartment has the popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus. A muscle that has a pattern of fascicles running along the long axis of the muscle has which of the following fascicle arrangements? The muscle fibers on one side of a tendon feed into it at a certain angle and muscle fibers on the other side of the tendon feed into it at the opposite angle. Which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall? The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the group. If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: Download for free at cnx. Foundation Support OpenStax College is grateful for the tremendous support of our sponsors. The Foundation concentrates its resources on activities in education, the environment, global development and population, performing arts, and philanthropy, and makes grants to support disadvantaged communities in the San Francisco Bay Area. In the United States, it seeks to significantly improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Our mission at the Twenty Million Minds Foundation is to grow access and success by eliminating unnecessary hurdles to affordability. We created this textbook with several goals in mind: accessibility, customization, and student engagement-helping students reach high levels of academic scholarship. Through partnerships with companies and foundations committed to reducing costs for students, we are working to improve access to higher education for all. OpenStax College is an initiative of Rice University and is made possible through the generous support of several philanthropic foundations. Instructors can select the sections that are most relevant to their curricula and create a textbook that speaks directly to the needs of their students. Instructors are encouraged to expand on existing examples in the text by adding unique context via geographically localized applications and topical connections. We strove to make the discipline meaningful and memorable to students, so that they can draw from it a working knowledge that will enrich their future studies. Coverage and Scope the units of our Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook adhere to the scope and sequence followed by most two-semester courses nationwide. Some people choose to embellish it with tattoos (a), makeup (b), and even piercings (c). In the adult human body, the skin makes up about 16 percent of body weight and covers an area of 1. The skin is made of multiple layers of cells and tissues, which are held to underlying structures by connective tissue (Figure 5. The Epidermis the epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. It is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. The basal layer consists of cuboidal cells, whereas the outer layers are squamous, keratinized cells, so the whole epithelium is often described as being keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. A finger-like projection, or fold, known as the dermal papilla (plural = dermal papillae) is found in the superficial portion of the dermis. Two other cell types are found dispersed among the basal cells in the stratum basale.
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