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Two of the most frequently mentioned are Western individualism and non-Western collectivism blood pressure medication nausea generic midamor 45 mg amex. The value of individualism is not as salient in the non-Western developing nations as it is in more economically developed Western countries (Hofstede pulse pressure cardiac output generic midamor 45 mg without prescription, 1980) heart attack people purchase midamor 45 mg fast delivery. For example arrhythmia epidemiology generic 45 mg midamor otc, individualistic values were found to be stronger in Western countries, such as the United States, Germany, and Sweden, than they were in Taiwan, Japan, and India (Segall et al. The value of competition was reportedly higher in urban, industrial areas than in rural regions (Munroe & Munroe, 1997). It is commonly stated in the media that Western values are linked to economic prosperity and democratic attitudes. An opposite view that challenges the universal importance of Western values appeared to have some supporters in the 1990s (see discussion in Chapter 7 on motivation). It was argued that the pursuit of Western values does not produce a climate of social satisfaction. The most fundamental Western values are no longer adaptive because they have outlived their historical usefulness (Clark, 1995). In particular, assumptions such as the nature of human beings is selfish (Freud and Marx), scarcity is a primary condition of nature (Darwin), and progress means growth, complexity, competition, and freedom (Weber) should be changed to "softer," non-Western concepts based on the values of harmony, inner accord, and cooperation. Huntington (1993) predicted a deepening of the gap between Western and non-Western values. He suggested that billions of people on earth would vigorously discuss and challenge the leadership role of the West and its materialistic Judeo­Christian values. The growth of ideological and religious fundamentalism is inevitable, in his opinion. This would further attenuate the differences between Western and non-Western values. The whole idea of individual rights can be criticized because the pursuit of these rights may encourage individuals to perform completely independent actions and disregard the views of other people. Such actions may distance the person from his or her family, culture, and religion. Criticizing Western values, some political activists argue that human rights- understood from a different perspective-do not consist only of individual political and civil liberties. They suggest that rights for economic security, social protection, and preservation of tradition are just as important as individual liberties. Questions: Do you think that there are values more attuned to Western culture than to the East? Do you think Western countries try to force those values on other countries thus interfering with their internal affairs? Should different religious and ethnic groups living in the United States or any other country accept identical values? In general, a balance is achieved if you and a person you like agree on something or when you and a person you dislike disagree about something. It is expected that we should overestimate positive traits in persons and groups we enjoy, and that we underestimate positive traits in those persons or groups we do not favor, even if the facts suggest that our adversaries are not as bad as we had previously thought (Pratkanis, 1988). The theory of attitude balance examines consistency pressures within a simple, three-element, cognitive evaluation process. The other two elements (B, C) are objects, issues, or other people who are being evaluated. For example, a young woman (A) adores the music of Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin (B) who made a critical remark about the president of the United States (C). The woman (A) is likely to agree with the singer (B) about the president of the United States (C). If, however, she dislikes the criticism of the president, her attitude about Ricky Martin would probably change from very positive to somewhat positive or even negative. Experimental research shows that the principles of cognitive balance are universal in virtually all countries studied (Triandis, 1994).

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The process through which we try to understand other people and ourselves is called social perception phase 4 arrhythmia purchase midamor 45mg without a prescription. It is an established view in psychology that people acquire judgments arteria basilaris purchase 45mg midamor with visa, attitudes blood pressure 9870 buy midamor 45 mg lowest price, and beliefs through socialization experiences from their cultural milieu blood pressure unsafe levels 45 mg midamor. If perception is influenced by experience, then there should be commonalities and differences in social perception. People who grow up in similar environments may learn to interpret many elements of this environment in a similar way. People who were exposed to different stimuli are likely to see the world from divergent perspectives. The same car, however, could be considered a luxury for a man in a small Mongolian town. A mother spanking her child in a public place in Canada would be condemned by many bystanders. However, spanking is not treated as abuse in many countries around the world where it is commonly interpreted as a necessary and effective form of discipline (see Chapter 8). In short, the way we see things changes according to our experience with them (Matsumoto, 1994). For instance, eyewitnesses to criminal events are typically inaccurate in what they report. But when the witness belongs to a different ethnic group than the suspect, inaccuracies tend to increase (Platz & Hosch, 1988). The process of social perception contributes to the means of thinking about the world. Social cognition is the process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information about the world and ourselves. For instance, until recently, despite great medical advancements, organ transplantation was unavailable for patients in Japan because of particular ancient religious interpretations about the unity of the body and soul (see Chapter 12). Ethnic groups engaged in a conflict against one another see the cause of their hostility differently, each from the biased lenses of centuriesold negative stereotypes of the other. We begin a cross-cultural analysis of social perception and cognition with an examination of attitudes and values. Then we explore how people balance their attitudes and whether consistency in attitudes is a universal trend. Next, the chapter analyzes how people explain the behavior of others and how they view justice, success, and failure. For example, Rehza disliked baseball when he arrived in the United States from Iran. A few years later, Rehza became a fan of baseball and even began to Chapter 10 Social Perception and Social Cognition 257 attend the Dodgers games in Los Angeles. Values are attitudes that reflect a principle, standard, or quality considered by the individual as the most desirable or appropriate. Values are stable and enduring views that a specific behavior (often called instrumental value) or goal (called terminal value) is preferred to another behavior or goal. Terminal values usually refer to social and personal concerns, whereas instrumental values designate morality and competency issues. Values generally hold a more central position than attitudes and therefore lead individuals to form particular views on a variety of issues (Rokeach, 1973). Likewise, an Italian autoworker strongly attached to the value of equality is likely to support (an attitude) government actions aimed at helping people from neighboring Yugoslavia (Shiraev, 2000). To simplify the analysis, he divided the countries studied into eleven clusters: Nordic, Anglo (including the United States), Germanic, Near Eastern, developing Asian, developing Latin, developed Latin, and Japan as a separate developed Asian country. He described the following cultural dimensions that reflect four major ways people cope with their most important problems: (1) individualism and collectivism, (2) power distance, (3) masculinity and femininity, and (4) uncertainty avoidance (see again Chapter 1 for a description of these features). The Nordic and Anglo samples demonstrated values low on power distance, high on individualism, and low on uncertainty avoidance. The Anglo group was high on masculinity, but the German group was low on masculinity. The less developed Asian countries and the Near Eastern bloc were both high in power distance and low in individualism. But the most remarkable comparison was made between the Anglo and Nordic cultures on the one hand and Near Eastern and lessdeveloped Asian countries on the other.

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The campaign showed that alumni and other donors ranked land conservation high on their charitable giving lists blood pressure medication used for opiate withdrawal discount midamor 45mg with mastercard, and that the protection of land around the college would continue to enlist the loyalty and charity of Kenyon alumni hypertension knowledge test 45 mg midamor with visa. At the time hypertension 360 mg midamor 45 mg low cost, Ohio and federal programs were beginning to provide meaningful funding for land conservation; because the college was ineligible to receive such assistance arteria pudenda interna quality midamor 45 mg, the establishment of a land trust was crucial. In 1996, then-governor Voinovich commissioned a bipartisan Ohio Farmland Preservation Task Force consisting of representatives from government, business, academia, and agricultural interests. In June 1997, the task force reported that in the previous 45 years, more than seven million acres (roughly 33 percent of Ohio farmland) had been lost to nonagricultural uses. The state also announced a $10,000 Community Development Block Grant program to support local farmland preservation plans, which led to the formation of the Knox County Farmland Preservation Task Force in 1998. I served on the local task force, which was charged with identifying better ways to develop land for residential and commercial purposes, and collaborating to preserve local farmlands when possible. In 2000, state voters approved the Clean Ohio Fund, a $400 million bond program to preserve natural areas and farmland, protect streams, create outdoor recreational opportunities, and revitalize urban areas by returning contaminated brownfields to productive use. The fund (renewed by voters in 2008) dedicated $25 million, to be spent over a four-year period, to the Ohio Agricultural Easement Purchase Program administered through the Ohio Department of Agriculture. Another key county-level development at that time was the establishment of the Owl Creek Conservancy in 2000. A nonprofit private land trust, the conservancy works with landowners to conserve farmlands, stream corridors, aquifer- and watershed-protection areas, wildlife habitats, woodlands, and other ecologically sensitive areas of central Ohio including Knox County. Under the Ohio Agriculture Easement Purchase Program, landowners could not directly apply for easements; a county, township, municipality, or land trust had to apply on their behalf. Students met with the farmers in their homes, interviewed them, and helped them craft compelling essays. The farmers enjoyed getting to know Kenyon students, the students loved visiting the farms and talking with the farmers, and in the following years the farmers earned top essay scores. One of these properties, the 168-acre Prescott farm between Gambier and Mount Vernon, was especially important to Kenyon as the source of Wolf Run Creek, which flows into the Kokosing River and through the Brown Family Environmental Center. A development company from Pennsylvania had already purchased land across the road from the Prescott farm and planned to build 225 homes there, increasing the pressure to protect the farm. Although some successes happened without funding, many of the accomplishments directly resulted from the availability of money. The original notion that alumni and other donors might be interested in preserving the nature of the Kenyon experience proved to be correct again. Although large landscape conservation projects are taking place both nationally and internationally, local conservation activities have a valuable role to play and a great deal to contribute to activities on a grander scale. According to the Land Trust Alliance 2010 Census, the 1,723 active land trusts operating in the United States had collectively conserved 47 million acres (Land Trust Alliance 2011). Woodlands dominate the rolling landscape, interspersed with farms, villages, and country roads (figure 8. Thanks to the efforts of the founders of the Connecticut Forest & Park Association early in the 20th century, large tracts of intact ecosystems in the Quiet Corner are conserved as state forests (Connecticut Forest & Park Association 2012). As in much of New England, however, most forestland is owned by families in relatively small parcels (figure 8. The Quiet Corner is part of the Thames River watershed, almost 1,900 square miles of rural and forested land in northeastern Connecticut and south-central Massachusetts. An estimated 13 percent of this land is permanently protected from development, either as public land or in conservation easements (Tyrrell et al. The Quiet Corner landscape at the confluence of the Quinebaug and Shetucket rivers. The other large blocks are state lands, conservation lands, and private working forests. Although development has abated during the recent economic downturn, this largely forested landscape has in recent decades come under pressure from the sprawling metropolitan areas of Boston, Hartford, and Providence. The smallest towns in this valley experienced an average population growth of 17 percent from 1990 to 2000 (Tyrrell et al. It is not hard to imagine that this type of suburban development pressure would return in an improving economy (figure 8. Because so much of the forestland is privately owned, there is no guarantee that unique natural areas like the Quinebaug Highlands will remain intact or immune to development pressures, and therefore a number of conservation organizations have mobilized an effort to protect this region from development (MassConn Sustainable Forest Partnership 2012). Although I know most of our neighbors, we rarely see each other to discuss land use. One of the goals of the Quiet Corner Initiative is to enable landowner cooperation where common goals exist, in order to make individual property management easier and more econom ical.

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