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According to her gastritis upper left abdominal pain discount 30mg prevacid mastercard, diffraction is composed of `interference patterns gastritis diet òàíêè order 30mg prevacid visa, not reflecting images gastritis hunger generic prevacid 30 mg with visa. Haraway (1991 chronic gastritis guideline prevacid 15mg with mastercard, 1997) has always espoused a non-dualist version of science and the world. She stresses interrelationality in all things and is very suspicious of binary categories and distinctions (including the distinctions between nature and culture and, by extension, between male and female), identifying them as tools of power and oppression. She argues that `human societies do not exist except in so far as they are produced by and in mutual dialogue with the eco systems of which they are a part. Situated knowledge combines insights and elements of both constructivism and feminism. It takes into account location, partial embodiment and partial perspective (1991, p. Insofar as it allows recognition of how accounts are constructed it is deconstructive in orientation and intent. For Haraway, certain social positions will produce more accurate descriptions of the world. It is not identity that she is 356 Handbook of qualitative research methods in marketing seeking but partial connections. Feminism, she adds, `loves another science: the sciences and politics of interpretation, translation, stuttering, and the partly understood. She finds her way through the concepts of ontic relationality (similar to Latour) and poststructuralism through a form of partial embodiment and materialism. The poststructuralist text becomes written in and on the body, and through the practices of everyday life. For instance, she does not make the distinction between the standpoint of a feminist scholar and that of any other woman in a society. Feminists have a political orientation that may or may not be shared by other women. Second, while she acknowledges the multiple axes of oppression, she does not adequately theorize them except to imply that oppression is an effect of concrete social structure. She does not offer an account of the sociality that produces subject positions other than a general description of white capitalist patriarchy (ibid. Either practices construct knowledge (constructivism), in which case there is no possibility of critical knowledge, or they do not, in which case there is a possibility of critical knowledge (feminism) (ibid. Haraway seems to vacillate between the constructivist nature of all knowledge while at the same time positing feminist standpoint theory claims as accurate descriptions of reality and thereby not relativist. Diffraction engages with the different possible patterns that interactions with others create. She argues that a standpoint is a cognitive, psychological and political tool for more adequate knowledge. In feminist standpoint theory there is accountability and a commitment to ideals such as freedom and justice (p. However, she falls short of describing how such practices should occur, although she encourages other women to participate in the imagination of the future of feminist practice. She recognizes three elements in the new feminist studies: the type of analytic knowledge produced is not unitary but dependent on ethnicity, class and gender; putting oneself in the shoes of other women requires imaginative knowledge; and finally, such knowledge is based on the political commitments of the feminist knower (p. Next, women should reconsider the networks through which feminist knowledge is constructed. If actor network theory (reworked by Haraway) is appropriate, then questions about who are the actors and which actants are central become important. Because of the possibility of falling into a deconstructive Being reflexive in accounts of consumer behavior 357 mode, such processes must be guided by the explicit feminist political goals of freedom and justice. Although neither Haraway nor Campbell specifies who is left out and who is included in this process, we suggest that responsibility and accountability must translate into a commitment to negotiate from the position of difference: gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation and class. The purpose of this chapter has been to present three types of reflexivities and to demonstrate the complexities of reflexive thinking.
Cisapride has been withdrawn from the market in some countries because of serious side effects such as fatal cardiac arrhythmias chronic gastritis reflux generic prevacid 30mg visa. Experience in the use of bromopride and domperidon during pregnancy is insufficient for a well-grounded risk assessment gastritis diet oatmeal cookies order prevacid 30 mg fast delivery. Metoclopramide is the drug of choice for motility disturbances (with nausea) in the upper gastrointestinal tract gastritis diet for dogs discount 15 mg prevacid overnight delivery. An (accidental) use of the other agents does not require termination of pregnancy or invasive diagnostic procedures gastritis diet sweet potato purchase prevacid 15 mg overnight delivery. Foods with high cellulose content, such as wheat bran, linseed, psyllium, and wheat germ, as well as agar-agar, carboxymethyl-cellulose, guar gum, ispaghula, methylcellulose, and sterculia, belong to this group of laxatives. All stool-bulking and absorbent substances are seen as safe in pregnancy, and should be used preferentially. Constipation during pregnancy is probably caused by progesterone-related changes in both small bowel and colon motility, and by the increased absorption of water and electrolytes during pregnancy. The subjective experience of the pregnant woman (a feeling of fullness due to the growing uterus) certainly also plays a role. Therefore, before prescribing laxatives it must be determined whether there is, in fact, any constipation (hard, dry stool, painful, less than three times a week). Therapeutically, an improvement should first be attempted with dietary changes, including increased fluid and fiber intake, training of the defecation reflex, and increased physical activity. When these measures are not successful, it may be necessary to use a laxative to enhance the effectiveness of defecation. Habituation to these medications, resulting in the abuse of excessively high doses, should be counteracted because water loss, electrolyte imbalance and, in advanced pregnancy, uterine contractions, can endanger the fetus. Laxatives should only be used in pregnancy when dietary and physical measures have been unsuccessful. Poorly absorbed alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol are used with the same effect. Macrogol works similarly; macrogols with a molecular weight of more than 3000 are not absorbed. Saline laxatives are poorly absorbed as well; they work in a similar way to lactulose, but use saline to create an increase in fluid accumulation. Isotonic solutions are recommended because hypertonic solutions have the disadvantage that they remove significant quantities of fluid from the body. The salts, which are most appropriate as saline laxatives, are sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate; potassiumÂsodium tartrate, magnesium citrate, potassium bitartrate, and potassium citrate are also used. Lactitol, mannitol, and sorbitol, as well as the saline laxative sodium sulfate, can also be used as laxatives during pregnancy. However, sodium sulfate in higher doses and magnesium sulfate are contraindicated in pregnant women with cardiac or renal insufficiency, because absorption of sodium or magnesium can mean an additional burden for them. Up to 15% of phenolphthalein is absorbed, and after glucuronidation is excreted in the urine (reddish coloring). Neither teratogenic nor fetotoxic effects have been observed with diphenylmethanes (Bonapace 1998). When constipation needs to be treated with medication and neither bulk nor osmotic laxatives like lactulose work effectively enough, bisacodyl is the drug of choice throughout the entire pregnancy. After the sugar portion is cleaved in the intestine, these agents are partially absorbed and excreted in the urine (colored! No stimulating effect on uterine contractions or other side effects relevant to pregnancy were noted when senna laxatives were used in pregnancy (Anonymous 1992). A stimulating effect on uterine muscles as well as the risk of meconium passage in utero as a result of the direct action of the aloe ingredient aloin have been discussed. Anthraquinone derivatives should be avoided during pregnancy because some of them have a stimulating effect on uterine contractions. However, treatment with them does not necessitate either termination of the pregnancy or invasive diagnostic procedures. Castor oil is a laxative with a harsh action; it is not appropriate for long-term therapy. No specific embryotoxic effects have been observed in human beings; however, studies during early pregnancy have to our knowledge not been reported.
Clearly gastritis symptoms medscape discount 15 mg prevacid visa, reflection on social constraints could lead to macro social changes and utopian values are often implicit in the identification of contradictions gastritis vs pregnancy symptoms buy 15mg prevacid free shipping. We envision that workbench critical research projects might emerge within a smaller subset of two or three cells as opposed to the nine cell illustrations provided gastritis symptoms belching discount prevacid 15 mg overnight delivery. Best gastritis differential diagnosis purchase 15mg prevacid with amex, Steven and Douglas Kellner (1997), the Postmodern Turn, New York: Guilford Press. Best, Steven and Douglas Kellner (2001), the Postmodern Adventure, New York: Guilford Press. Durkheim, Emile ([1901] 1982), the Rules of the Sociological Method, New York: the Free Press. Giddens, Anthony (1982), Sociology: A Brief but Critical Introduction, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Kellner, Douglas (2003), From 9/11 to Terror War, New York: Rowan and Littlefield. Paul Peter (eds), Marketing Theory and Practice, Chicago: American Marketing Association. Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe (1985), Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, New York: Verso. Prasad, Pushkala (2005), Crafting Qualitative Research: Working in the Postpositivist Traditions, London: M. Scott An impressive body of qualitative research on the topic of advertising has emerged in marketing since the paradigm shift of the 1980s. Here, perhaps more clearly than elsewhere in the literature, we can see that the challenge to practice made in that decade was not just a matter of advocating new methods, but entailed questioning the purposes and interests that research in this field would serve. Work on advertising was affected, as were other areas of marketing inquiry, by the shift in epistemology that attended the interpretive turn. In all areas, the notion of consumption as a meaning-based activity (as opposed to a more economistic, disembodied model of purchasing) had implications for research axiology, as well. Of particular import for advertising work, however, was the shift toward understanding the advertisement as a text and, thus, the consumer as a reader. By embracing the textuality of advertising experience, qualitative researchers opened the door to the indeterminacy of reading, to the reality of advertising as a cultural practice, and ultimately to the larger social questions that attend any purposive attempt to encourage consumption in postindustrial society. The result has been a corpus of work too large and varied to be covered in a single chapter. My intention, therefore, is to discuss articles I have selected to represent the largest areas of inquiry. In assessing the scope of the literature to be covered, I have collected works published in Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Advertising, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Popular Culture, Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Consumer Culture, Culture, Markets and Consumption, and Critical Studies in Mass Communications Research. I have also followed up references that led to a range of sources from the Journal of Business Ethics to the British Journal of Management. I found that qualitative work in advertising was well represented in these journals by the end of the twentieth century, though there was certainly more in some than in others. I hope also to draw attention to the way that qualitative research in this area has circled back to engage with quantitative studies, as I believe that contribution to be important. Consequently, many of the influences on research in this area come from outside marketing, and these sources are so numerous that I will only be able to document them in a glancing manner. The areas of interest that I will examine in this chapter are the responses of readers to advertisements, the practices of professionals in the creation of advertisements, the evolution of advertising as an art form and the theory and criticism of advertising as a social influence. These four areas encompass far and away the bulk of what has been published 59 60 Handbook of qualitative research methods in marketing to date. I regretfully admit that this outline of topics will necessarily leave out some studies that did not fall neatly into the categories. I say this because, throughout this literature, there is a consistent emphasis on responses from and effects upon consumers, which is the feature that distinguishes rhetoric from other literary approaches. Even the formalist investigations and social criticism I will discuss later in this chapter can be said to fall under this rubric, as the final concern is virtually always with response or effect.
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The events in daily life determine which are important factors and the subconscious gravitates towards them gastritis diet rice generic prevacid 30 mg. These important ideas lead to important conclusions and when a sufficient number of such conclusions piles up gastritis otc order prevacid 15mg amex, the subconscious will contact you gastritis hiatal hernia diet cheap prevacid 15 mg without a prescription. This explains why gastritis erosive symptoms order prevacid 30 mg mastercard, all of a sudden, an unexpected intuition will flash through your conscious mind. Any idea that is important, or any puzzle or problem that you had tried to solve with great effort, is automatically a candidate for consideration by the subconscious. Thus thinking hard about an idea is one way to present the problem to the subconscious. In order to solve a problem, the subconscious must have all the necessary information. Therefore it is important to do all the research and gather as much information about the problem as you can. In college, this is how I solved many homework problems that my smarter classmates could not solve. They tried to just sit down, do their assignments, and hoped to solve these difficult problems. Problems in school assignments are such that they are always solvable with the information given in the classroom or textbook. Thus, you only need to assemble the right parts to come up with the answer, unless the teacher wants you to do some outside research. What I did, therefore, was not to worry about being able to solve any problem immediately but to think about it intensely and make sure that I have studied all the course material. If I could not solve the problem right away, I knew that the subconscious would go to work on it. The most effective procedure was not to wait until the last minute to try to solve such problems  the subconscious needs time. Some time afterwards, the answer would suddenly pop up in my head, often at strange, unexpected times. They most frequently popped up in the early morning, when my mind was rested and fresh; perhaps the subconscious works best during sleep, when the brain is not preoccupied with conscious work. Thus, you can learn to present material to the subconscious and to receive conclusions from it. In general, the answer would not come if I intentionally asked my subconscious for it, but would come when I was doing something unrelated to the problem. And these 204 communication channels are very different for each person, so everyone must experiment to see what works best. Clearly, you can improve communications with it as well as block the communication channels. It is better to forget about the problem and engage in sports, see a movie or do other things you enjoy, and the subconscious will do a better job because it needs the freedom to follow its own ideas. If you practice a difficult piano passage hard, but get no satisfactory results, and you run out of new hand motions, etc. I list them here; some are not new discoveries but enhancements to existing material. Memory resides in a memory field and recall is mediated by the overlap of memory fields similarly to quantum mechanical probabilities calculated from the overlap of wave functions. The concept of Parallel Sets is generalized and catalogued; they are at once a diagnostic tool and a method for solving technical problems. Gravity is the basic force in the Arm Weight Method because man evolved under gravity; piano playing forces are designed to equal gravity. Disadvantages of Hanon type exercises have been presented; technique is acquired most efficiently by learning performable music. Correct practice methods are frequently counter-intuitive; piano learning methods must be knowledge based, not talent based. How to control nervousness must be taught, using Mental Play, memory methods, efficient practice methods, and emphasizing musicality instead of technical difficulty. Genius can be taught (mental play, absolute pitch, play by ear and efficient practice methods) and is most effective at the youngest ages; the ability to compose is a natural consequence of this process.
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