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Dependent variable: Jargon use Participants viewed and selected one of the same two pitch descriptions that we described in the previous study that were either high or low in jargon use hartford hospital pain treatment center ct buy 250mg aleve overnight delivery. Manipulation check To confirm that our manipulation induced a sense of low status spine diagnostic pain treatment center aleve 250 mg cheap, we had participants complete a three-item measure related to their perceived relative status heel pain treatment yahoo cheap aleve 500 mg. Control variables We assessed the same set of control variables used in the previous study: participant age tuomey pain treatment center order aleve 500mg fast delivery, gender, experience with startups (1 = yes, 0 = no), and native language (native English speaker, 1 = yes, 0 = no). Manipulation check As expected, participants assigned to the low-status condition perceived the other competitors as having more status than them (M = 4. Those in the lower-status condition chose the high-jargon pitch at a higher rate (37. Additionally, we performed a logistic regression while including the control variables in the model and the effect of status remained significant, b = -0. Study 2b replicated the results that we observed in study 2a, while holding the composition of the audience constant. Study 2c: Low status increase jargon use during a synchronous conversation Study 2c sought to extend our findings by testing Hypothesis 1 in the context of a live, synchronous conversational setting in which subjects freely interacted with one another. Specifically, we manipulated the status of one member of the dyad and then gave that participant an opportunity to use jargon while chatting with another participant electronically. Prior to performing any analyses, we excluded dyads in which the focal participant. Procedure We created an opportunity for two individuals to have a conversation with each other by randomly assigning participants to either an Academic Researcher or a Non-Profit Representative role within a dyad. Participants assigned to the Academic Research role were then randomly assigned to a lowerstatus or higher-status condition. The Non-Profit representative was given status-neutral instructions and was included in the study only as a conversation partner. Academic Researcher role participants assigned to the low-status condition read: You are an academic researcher. Your college is not very well respected in your field and generally people in your industry look down upon you and your work. This week you are attending a research conference where you will present your research and meet other researchers. Academic Researcher role participants assigned to the high-status condition read: You are an academic researcher. Your university is very well respected in your field and generally people in your industry highly respect you and your work. Overall, when you attend these types of conferences you are very highly respected. Participants in each condition were asked to write three potential downsides (low status condition) or upsides (high status condition) of being from their community while attending this conference. Next, we presented Academic Researcher role participants with a summary of their research findings and told them that they had recently emailed this summary to a non-academic friend. Since the friend was not an academic, we explained that the participant included both academic jargon and their lay person equivalents in their email. However, none of the results reported below substantively change when excluding these additional six participants from the analyses. My work highlights that non-human primates exhibit bi-pedal locomotion, or two legged walking movements. My second project focuses on non-human primate metatarsals, commonly called the fingers of apes and monkeys. We had participants read about two different research projects instead of one in order to expose them to a sufficiently large pool of jargon (and non-jargon equivalents) to potentially use in their subsequent chat. We also paired each jargon term with its non-jargon equivalent to provide participants a clear choice of which to use, if any, in the conversation. This design choice is consistent with our definition of jargon, which involves the existence of broadly accessible alternative words or expressions. After reading about their research, participants in the Academic Researcher role were asked to imagine that they were at a conference and about to have a conversation with another attendee. Specifically, participants read the following, which also served to reinforce our low-status [high-status] manipulation: Imagine that you are at an academic conference.

The interaction is then given by (ignoring hyperfine couplings between different J pain management treatment center wi discount 250mg aleve with mastercard, and thus 16 Experimentally measured values for g for the alkali atoms are given by E pain medication for dogs with osteosarcoma aleve 250 mg sale. Violino pain treatment center of tempe cheap aleve 500mg mastercard, ``ExI perimental determinations of the hyperfine structure in the alkali atoms allied pain treatment center inc purchase aleve 250 mg visa,' Reviews of Modern Physics 49, 31 (1977) (doi: 10. For all abundant alkali atoms, Ahfs > 0, since gI < 0 (with the exception of 40 K, where the sign is opposite). As in the fine-structure case, we can add the angular momenta to obtain the total atomic angular momentum (7. The nuclear moment is thus smaller by a factor on the order h of me /mp 1/1836, and so the hyperfine interaction should be smaller than the fine-structure interaction by a factor on the same order. The higher-order corrections to this simple theory become quite involved, and so we summarize the main points here. The k = 0 monopole term has already been included in the fine-structure calculation. The k = 2 and k = 3 terms correspond respectively to the electric-quadrupole and magnetic-octupole terms. Because we will compute expectation values with respect to J I F states, due to parity considerations either the electric or magnetic interaction will alternatingly vanish at each multipole order (with the electric dipole operator coupling only states of opposite parity, for example). The interaction between the electron and 17 Charles Schwartz, ``Theory of Hyperfine Structure,' Physical Review 97, 380 (1955) (doi: 10. The electric hexadecapole term is given here in addition to the ones we have shown. Thus, Ahfs is the magnetic-dipole hyperfine constant, Bhfs is the electric-quadrupole hyperfine constant, and Chfs is the magnetic-octupole hyperfine constant. We can see which terms are applicable to a given transition from the general product rule (7. The eigenenergies under the hyperfine interaction may then be written in terms of the shift Ehfs = (7. Thus, the octupole interaction contributes in cesium to the hyperfine splittings only at the kHz level, a very difficult level of accuracy to achieve in observing optical transitions. To illustrate the hyperfine structure, the hyperfine structure of the cesium D2 (laser-cooling) transition is shown here. Tanner, ``Observation of the Nuclear Magnetic Octupole Moment of Physical Review Letters 91, 072501 (2003) (doi: 10. Rather than deduce it directly, we will ``cheat' and simply quantize the classical version of a rotation. Consider the classical angle (generalized coordinate), with conjugate (angular) momentum J. Thus, time evolution according to this Hamiltonian is equivalent to a rotation through an angle t. Generalizing the Hamiltonian to H = Jx + Jy + Jz, a rotation by angle (that is, a rotation about the -axis by 322 Chapter 7. Being a rotation, the j quantum number must be left unchanged (following directly from [J 2, J] = 0, since this implies [J 2, R()] = 0), but the superposition will involve states of other m values. If we follow one rotation R() by another rotation R(), we can represent the total rotation by a composite rotation operator R: R = R()R(). Note that the rotation operators act on the state, not the coordinate system; however, we are also considering rotations of the axes solely to define the second and third rotations. Clearly, R() is written to the right since it is the ^ first rotation, and thus must operate first on the state vector. Atomic Angular-Momentum Structure where the sum is over all values of s where the factorials are nonnegative.

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This property is known as persistence treating pain for uti cheap aleve 250 mg mastercard, and is taken for granted in functional languages pain research treatment impact factor cheap aleve 500mg online. On the surface spine diagnostic pain treatment center purchase aleve 500 mg amex, persistence and amortization appear to be incompatible pain medication for dogs after tooth extraction aleve 250 mg with visa, but we show how lazy evaluation can be used to resolve this conflict, yielding amortized data structures that are efficient even when used persistently. Turning this relationship between lazy evaluation and amortization around, the notion of amortization also provides the first practical techniques for analyzing the time requirements of non-trivial lazy programs. Finally, our data structures offer numerous hints to programming language designers, illustrating the utility of combining strict and lazy evaluation in a single language, and providing non-trivial examples using polymorphic recursion and higher-order, recursive modules. I am continually amazed by the global nature of modern research and how email allows me to interact as easily with colleagues in Aarhus, Denmark and York, England as with fellow students down the hall. In the case of one such colleague, Gerth Brodal, we have co-authored a paper without ever having met. Lori Huenink deserves special recognition; her writing and public speaking classes are undoubtedly the most valuable classes I have ever taken, in any subject. If your career involves writing in any form, you owe it to yourself to buy a copy of this book. Thanks to Maria and Colin for always reminding me that there is more to life than grad school. This thesis addresses this imbalance by specifically considering the design and analysis of functional data structures. This apparent contradiction is easily explained by the fact that functional languages have historically been slower than their more traditional cousins, but this gap is narrowing. Impressive advances have been made across a wide front, from basic compiler technology to sophisticated analyses and optimizations. However, there is one aspect of functional programming that no amount of cleverness on the part of the compiler writer is likely to mitigate - the use of inferior or inappropriate data structures. Unfortunately, the existing literature has relatively little advice to offer on this subject. Why should functional data structures be any more difficult to design and implement than imperative ones Like knives, destructive updates can be dangerous when misused, but tremendously effective when used properly. Imperative data structures often rely on assignments in crucial ways, and so different solutions must be found for functional programs. The second difficulty is that functional data structures are expected to be more flexible than their imperative counterparts. In particular, when we update an imperative data structure we typically accept that the old version of the data structure will no longer be available, but, when we update a functional data structure, we expect that both the old and new versions of the data structure will be available for further processing. Functional programming languages have the curious property that all data structures are automatically persistent. Imperative data structures are typically ephemeral, but when a persistent data structure is required, imperative programmers are not surprised if the persistent data structure is more complicated and perhaps even asymptotically less efficient than an equivalent ephemeral data structure. In spite of all these points, this thesis shows that it is often possible to devise functional data structures that are asymptotically as efficient as the best imperative solutions. Lazy Evaluation Most (sequential) functional programming languages can be classified as either strict or lazy, according to their order of evaluation. Which is superior is a topic debated with religious fervor by functional programmers. The difference between the two evaluation orders is most apparent in their treatment of arguments to functions. In strict languages, the arguments to a function are evaluated before the body of the function. In lazy languages, arguments are evaluated in a demand-driven fashion; they are initially passed in unevaluated form and are evaluated only when (and if! Furthermore, once a given argument is evaluated, the value of that argument is cached so that if it is ever needed again, it can be looked up rather than recomputed. Each evaluation order has its advantages and disadvantages, but strict evaluation is clearly superior in at least one area: ease of reasoning about asymptotic complexity. In strict languages, exactly which subexpressions will be evaluated, and when, is for the most part syntactically apparent.

Atomic Angular-Momentum Structure for the projection of r into basis vectors in terms of the spherical harmonics canadian pain treatment guidelines buy aleve 500 mg fast delivery, which can be verified directly ^ (but certainly makes sense since Y1q is the right tensor for representing three-vectors) treatment for pain with shingles buy aleve 500mg without a prescription. In principle pain treatment rheumatoid arthritis discount 250mg aleve free shipping, it should then be summed over all possible transitions (accounting for the various detunings in each case) back pain treatment vibration 500 mg aleve with mastercard. In general, the atom will oscillate in some mixture ^ eq of the various components, and the off-diagonal terms with q = q in the sum represent interference due to coherence between the different dipole components. These interference terms do not change the total radiated power, but rather they change the angular distribution of the radiated power, as we can see by integrating the scattered intensity over all angles: Psc (s) = Here, we have used d fqq (,) = qq, (7. Thus, the total photon scattering rate is sensibly given by times the total excited-state population. To see this, note that in the case of a hyperfine transition, the formulae in the last section are valid, except that the lowering operators q are given by the hyperfine expression (7. Note that it is important to work this out to see if the fluorescence operator (7. These interferences correspond to quantum beats between particular excited states, as we discussed before in Section (6. Evidently, however, while such interferences may influence the decay rates to individual ground states, and hence the angular distribution of light, they do not affect the total decay rate from any excited state. Now the idea is to generalize this formula to the case of angular-momentum degeneracy. This generalization is reasonably obvious, but we defer the formal justification until later in Chapter 14 [see Eq. Atomic Angular-Momentum Structure and thus according to the electric-dipole interaction, the energy shift (ac Stark shift) due to the optical field is [cf. First, recall that when two rank-1 spherical tensors (vectors) A and B are multiplied to form a rank-0 (scalar) tensor, the result from Eq. Jessen, ``Quantum measurement and dynamics of atomic spins in polarization spectroscopy,' (2007, to be published). However, the notation here is somewhat different, as it is designed to be close to that of the dc case. We also used F mF F mF; 0 0 = 1, and the value of the 6-j symbol is (-1)-F -F -1 / 3(2F + 1). As in the dc case, the scalar shift causes a level-independent shift, while the tensor shift has the same quadratic dependence on mF. The vector field causes a shift linear in mF, which has the same form as a weak-field Zeeman shift.