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The value assumptions of Theory Y behavior apply to the development of white papers severe depression vs bipolar generic asendin 50 mg line. Wood Group leadership has been of interest to scholars and practitioners in the social sciences since people first began studying their own behaviors depression awareness month buy 50mg asendin with visa. A great deal of attention has been directed toward questions such as "What are the characteristics of task leaders? Nevertheless depression kills purchase 50 mg asendin with mastercard, it is essential to understand the nature of leadership and the ways in which we can improve it anxiety rating scale 50 mg asendin with visa. The "trait approach," the "situational approach," the "follower approach," and the "contingency model" have been proposed as explanations of the factors that determine leadership in small groups. The Trait Approach the first concentrated attempt to define the factors that result in leadership was the "trait approach. Unfortunately, there was minimal agreement among researchers as to what those distinguishing traits were. The lists of "definitive qualities of leaders" were almost as numerous as the researchers who constructed them. Of several hundred traits studied, only a very few were consistently correlated with leadership (Shaw, 1971). Gouldner (1950) reviewed the empirical investigations related to leadership traits and concluded that "there is no reliable evidence concerning the existence of universal leadership traits" (p. The trait approach is unsatisfactory because it implies that leaders are born, not made. According to this approach, the crucial determinant of leadership is the social environment in which leadership is needed. The major claim of the situational approach is that different leadership skills are required in different situations. The deficiency of this approach, however, is that it implies that leaders are born of situations, not of their own abilities. The Follower Approach Although the situational approach is currently endorsed by many researchers, a third orientation to leadership has received some acceptance. The "follower approach" maintains that the most effective leaders are those most able to satisfy the needs or desires of a group of followers (Sanford, 1950; Tannenbaum, Weschler, & Massarik, 1974). The Contingency Model By combining ideas from the situational approach and the study of leadership styles, a fourth approach to leadership was developed (Fiedler, 1964). The contingency model is an exciting step in our understanding of leadership, because it refutes the simplistic and one dimensional explanations of the earlier approaches. Assumptions of Four Approaches In order to understand more fully these four approaches to small-group leadership, it is helpful to identify the assumptions on which they are based. The trait approach maintains that a person either does or does not possess the particular traits that are considered to be the determinants of leadership. The situational approach assumes that certain situations call for certain types of leadership and that the leaders will be those who best fit the requirements of a situation. The follower approach holds that the needs of group members determine who will lead. Leadership, then, is a coincidence between the needs of a membership and the abilities that a person happens to possess. The contingency model maintains that personal styles and situational characteristics combine to determine leadership. These assumptions show that each of the four major approaches to leadership shares a basic orientation: each approach maintains, at least implicitly, that there is a static quality to leadership, a quality that can be isolated and described apart from leaders who operate in particular group situations. Small groups are characterized by contingencies-by a lack of certainty regarding events that may occur. Once we acknowledge this dynamic nature of small groups, it becomes clear that a useful theory of leadership must be similarly dynamic. By considering a rhetorical perspective on the process of leading, we can focus on the dynamic nature of leadership and the possibilities for human control over contingent situations.

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Or anxiety vertigo asendin 50mg free shipping, what is the path or underlying process through which moral values affect other components of authentic leadership? In its present form anxiety helpline generic 50 mg asendin, authentic leadership does not offer thorough answers to these questions anxiety relief techniques purchase 50mg asendin fast delivery. Although there is an interest in the social sciences to study positive human potential and the best of the human condition (Cameron depression exhaustion asendin 50mg fast delivery, Dutton, & Quinn, 2003), the rationale for including positive psychological capacities as an inherent part of authentic leadership has not been clearly explained by researchers. In addition, some have argued that the inclusion of positive leader capacities in authentic leadership broadens the construct of authentic leadership too much and makes it difficult to measure (Cooper et al. At this point in the development of research on authentic leadership, the role of positive psychological capacities in authentic leadership theory needs further clarification. Finally, it is not clear how authentic leadership results in positive organizational outcomes. Given that it is a new area of research, it is not unexpected that there are few data on outcomes, but these data are necessary to substantiate the value of the theory. Although authentic leadership is intuitively appealing on the surface, questions remain about whether this approach is effective, in what contexts it is effective, and whether authentic leadership results in productive outcomes. Relatedly, it is also not clear in the research whether authentic leadership is sufficient to achieve organizational goals. For example, can an authentic leader who is disorganized and lacking in technical competence be an effective leader? Authenticity is important and valuable to good leadership, but how authenticity relates to effective leadership is unknown. Clearly, future research should be conducted to explore how authentic leadership is related to organizational outcomes. AppLicAtion Because authentic leadership is still in the early phase of its development, there has been little research on strategies that people can use to develop or enhance authentic leadership behaviors. While there are prescriptions set forth in the practical approach, there is little evidence-based research on whether these prescriptions or how-to strategies actually increase authentic leadership behavior. In spite of the lack of intervention research, there are common themes from the authentic leadership literature that may be applicable to organizational or practice settings. One theme common to all of the formulations of authentic leadership is that people have the capacity to learn to be authentic Teaching Authentic Leadership Chapter 9 Authentic Leadership 209 leaders. In their original work on authentic leadership, Luthans and Avolio (2003) constructed a model of authentic leadership development. Conceptualizing it as a lifelong learning process, they argued that authentic leadership is a process that can be developed over time. This suggests that human resource departments may be able to foster authentic leadership behaviors in employees who move into leadership positions. Another theme that can be applied to organizations is the overriding goal of authentic leaders to try to do the "right" thing, to be honest with themselves and others, and to work for the common good. Authentic leadership appears to be a critical contextual factor that morally strengthens followers. Last, authentic leadership is shaped and reformed by critical life events that act as triggers to growth and greater authenticity. Being sensitive to these events and using them as springboards to growth may be relevant to many people who are interested in becoming leaders who are more authentic. The second case is about Greg Mortenson and how his mission to promote schools and peace in Pakistan and Afghanistan came under fire when he was accused of lying and financial impropriety. The final case is about Betty Ford, former First Lady of the United States, and her work in the areas of breast cancer awareness and substance abuse treatment. At the end of each of the cases, questions are provided to help you analyze the case using ideas from authentic leadership. Choosing to be a writer-actually declaring herself to be one- seemed scary, grandiose, and fraudulent. Then one day, while walking on a new york side street in the rain, sally saw an adventuresome black cat running beside her. When she saw the opportunity to cover a prominent murder trial in Fort Worth, Texas, she took it.

People in these countries scored high on in-group collectivism and low on performance orientation depression condition definition buy 50 mg asendin visa, future orientation anxiety definition generic 50mg asendin amex, institutional collectivism depression symptoms vomiting asendin 50mg on-line, and uncertainty avoidance depression vs manic depression discount asendin 50 mg amex. People in these countries tend to be loyal and devoted to their families and similar groups but less interested in overall institutional and societal groups. Latin europe Comprising Israel, Italy, Francophone Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, and France, the Latin Europe cluster exhibited more moderate and fewer high scores on any of the cultural dimensions, but they scored low on humane orientation and institutional collectivism. It is characteristic of these countries to value individual autonomy and to place less value on the greater societal collective. Individuals are encouraged to watch out for themselves and to pursue individual rather than societal goals. These countries scored high on in-group collectivism and low on future orientation, gender egalitarianism, and uncertainty avoidance. People in these countries tend to show great pride in their families and organizations. Furthermore, it is common for these countries to treat people of different genders in distinctly different ways. Women often are afforded less status than men, and fewer women are in positions of authority than men. In the Middle East, orderliness and consistency are not stressed, and people do not place heavy reliance on Chapter 16 Culture and Leadership 439 policies and procedures. There is a tendency to focus on current issues as opposed to attempting to control the future. This cluster scored high on future orientation, gender egalitarianism, institutional collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance, and low on assertiveness, in-group collectivism, and power distance. The Nordic people identify with the broader society and far less with family groups. Assertiveness is downplayed in favor of modesty and tenderness, and power is shared equally among people at all levels of society. Cooperation and societal-level group identity are highly valued by the Nordic people. These countries exhibited high scores on humane orientation and in-group collectivism. Southern Asia could be characterized as countries that demonstrate strong family loyalty and deep concern for their communities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, people generally are very concerned for and sensitive to others. In addition, researchers wanted to determine the ways in which cultural characteristics were related to culturally endorsed leadership behaviors. In short, they wanted to find out how differences in cultures were related to differences in approaches to leadership. According to implicit leadership theory, individuals have implicit beliefs and convictions about the attributes and beliefs that distinguish leaders from nonleaders and effective leaders from ineffective leaders. From the perspective of this theory, leadership is in the eye of the beholder (Dorfman, Hanges, & Brodbeck, 2004). Leadership refers to what people see in others when they are exhibiting leadership behaviors. These global leadership behaviors were defined in these studies as follows: Charismatic/value-based leadership reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance from others based on strongly held core values. This kind of leadership includes being visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificing, trustworthy, decisive, and performance oriented. Team-oriented leadership emphasizes team building and a common purpose among team members. This kind of leadership includes being collaborative, integrative, diplomatic, nonmalevolent, and administratively competent. Participative leadership reflects the degree to which leaders involve others in making and implementing decisions. Humane-oriented leadership emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous.

Successful treatment with lymphaticovenular anastomosis for secondary skin lesions of chronic lymphedema bipolar depression bpd order asendin 50 mg with amex. International Consensus: Best Practice for the M a n a g e m e n t o f Ly m p h e d e m a anxiety questionnaires for children generic asendin 50mg with mastercard. Verrucous nodules on the anterior anxiety or asthma best asendin 50 mg, medial and lateral aspects of both lower extremities Figure 2 depression symptoms psychosis purchase asendin 50 mg without a prescription. There are several forms of cutaneous xanthomas, but few types can be representative of these lipid-metabolism disorders and merit a thorough investigative evaluation to prevent further systemic sequelae. The authors present a case of a 9-year-old Hispanic female with multiple tuberous xanthomas on her elbows and knees associated with hypercholesterolemia, as well as an in-depth review of the pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia with special attention to the pediatric population. Case Report A 9-year-old, non-obese, Hispanic female of Mexican descent presented to an outpatient office with her parents for the evaluation of "warts" to her elbows and knees, present for two years (Figures 1-4). The child had a history of controlled asthma,for which she occasionally used a rescue inhaler without corticosteroids, and had no other associated symptoms or complaints. The mother stated that the lesions had a tendency to occur at sites of minor trauma,and that some had resolved or waned spontaneously throughout this time. The patient was then referred to her pediatrician and eventually also consulted with a pediatric cardiologist and a nutritionist for further workup and dietary recommendations. Thyroid studies, genetic evaluation and endocrinological workups were also recommended. Pathogenesis Though the exact mechanism of xanthoma formation is not fully understood, it is believed that it results from permeation of circulating plasma lipoproteins through dermal capillary vessels. These lipoproteins are then phagocytized by macrophages, forming lipid-laden cells known as foam cells. These latter two disease entities show that the formation of cutaneous xanthomas can reflect its dependence on the macrophage scavenger pathway. This complex structure helps deliver triglycerides and cholesterol to peripheral cells to be metabolized. On the outer shell of lipoproteins are specialized proteins known as apolipoproteins. One of the more significant apolipoproteins, due to its invaluable role in hepatic lipid metabolism, is the B-100/E receptor that is found on the surface of hepatocytes. This receptor helps recognize lipoproteins for uptake and processing in the liver. Apolipoproteins allow binding of the lipoproteins to their receptors on the target organs and also activate enzymes that metabolize the lipoproteins. In the exogenous pathway, dietary triglycerides are degraded by pancreatic lipase and bile acids, and are then absorbed by the intestinal epithelium to become part of the central core of a chylomicron. A chylomicron then enters the lymphatic system and later the systemic circulation via the thoracic duct, where it will then be hydrolyzed in muscle and adipose. This triglyceride-depleted chylomicron remnant will then be taken up by the liver to be part of hepatic storage. These cholesterol esters are metabolized in the peripheral tissues and converted to free cholesterol. Clinical Lipid disorders can be associated with specific types of cutaneous xanthomas along with other systemic findings and manifestations (Table 2). Eruptive xanthomas typically present as small, soft, yellow papules and have a tendency to arise on the buttocks and the posterior thighs. These xanthomas are most commonly associated with chylomicronemia and secondary forms of hyperlipoproteinemia. Eruptive xanthomas wax and wane as chylomicron levels fluctuate and are mostly made of triglycerides, which are more rapidly metabolized than cholesterol. Often the triglyceride levels in patients with eruptive xanthomas may exceed 3000 mg/dL and can be due to primary or secondary causes such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, high caloric intake, alcohol abuse, oral estrogen replacement and retinoid therapy. These lesions have a tendency to slowly regress after appropriate therapy has been started. Plane xanthomas that are associated with primary biliary cirrhosis, biliary atresia and cholestasis are usually plaque-like and usually extend past the palmar creases. This form is not very specific for hyperlipidemia and commonly occurs in normolipemic patients. Xanthelasma is commonly considered a form of plane xanthoma and is sometimes categorized in the family of macrophage disorders.

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